permaculture

[Wesley Roe and Santa Barbara Permaculture Network <lakinroe@silcom.com>]

Scientists Help Ranchers Wrangle Carbon Emissions
by CHRISTOPHER JOYCE

December 10, 2009
Listen to the Story
All Things Considered NPR
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121200619

\

As the world's climate negotiators meet in Copenhagen to discuss how 
to curb global warming, some people in Marin County, Calif., may 
already have a partial solution. They call it "carbon ranching."

The idea was hatched by scientists who are trying to coax carbon 
dioxide out of the air and into cattle pastures. Proponents of the 
idea say if it proves effective, the practice could be used around 
the world.

When dee Silver is a soil scientist at the University of California, 
Berkeley. If soil is the earth's skin, then Silver might be 
considered its dermatologist. Silver is steering a jeep up a hill as 
steep as a ski slope in Marin County to get to plots of pastureland 
she is experimenting on.

"What we're interested in doing out here is figure out how much 
carbon is added to the soil and how much carbon is lost," she says.

Plant Food
Soil and the plants that grow in it depend on carbon. Essentially, 
carbon dioxide is plant food and Silver wants them to eat more.
To encourage the uptake of carbon dioxide, Silver has spread compost 
over these plots of pastureland. The compost is a mix of plant 
clippings and animal manure, the same kind you might put on your 
garden at home.

The compost, she says, "increases plant growth, it actually also 
lowers the temperature a little bit, so the soil doesn't get quite as 
hot, it doesn't stimulate as much microbial activity."

Her experiment seems to be going well. The grass here is visibly 
taller, which means there is more carbon in the plant, which also 
means more food for cows. Ranchers like that part.

But those microbes she mentions complicate the process. Soil is full 
of them, and when they eat plants, animals and bugs, they emit carbon 
dioxide into the air. So Silver's composting has to work a balance 
between supercharging carbon-consuming plants - without beefing up 
carbon-producing microbes.

"What we're really trying to do here is understand what makes the 
microbes go and what makes the plants go," says Silver.


So far, the grass in the composted plots grows so well that it 
captures 50 percent more carbon from the air than grass in the 
untouched plots.
And the soil is taking up almost all the carbon in the compost - 
carbon that likely would have gone up into the atmosphere if it 
hadn't been added to the pastureland. Silver is now measuring exactly 
how much that is.

To do that, her team pounds plastic domes into the ground that 
capture the greenhouse gases seeping up from the soil. But Silver 
says just the extra grass from composting could make a big dent in 
greenhouse gas emissions, especially in this part of California.

"Grasslands, because they are in these dry regions, have really, 
really high root biomass, and it tends to go pretty deep, these 
plants are looking for water and that's what builds that dark, 
organic rich soil and that carbon-rich soil," says Silver.

Turning A Profit
Silver thinks composting could work for thirty years before the soil 
is saturated with carbon. During that time, Silver says ranchers 
could see a payoff of sorts for their work. "Hopefully, they'll be 
able to participate in a carbon market, where we can quantify how 
much carbon is being stored on the land, and we can sell that as a 
carbon offset," she says.

That idea intrigues John Wick, a rancher who owns grazing land where 
Silver is conducting her experiments for the Marin Carbon Project. 
"Now I think about carbon in everything I'm doing, and it's 
completely changed my life. This whole ecosystem down there, is 
alive, I mean up until this point it was just dirt to me, something I 
pushed around with my bulldozer," says Wick.

Some farmers are a little more skeptical, though. Bob Giacomini owns 
a dairy farm in Marin County. Silver is trying to persuade him to try 
composting to see if his pastures will grow better, as well as store 
more carbon.
But Giacomini is worried about the costs of these experiments. "You 
know all these things sound good, but you have to look at the cost of 
them all and see what the payback is."

Giacomini says he's interested in finding out that answer, but not 
sure how much time and money he has to invest in figuring it out for 
himself.

Creating A Market
That's where a carbon market comes in. If a climate law is passed, 
industries will be looking for ways to reduce their carbon 
"footprint." Paying farmers to soak up carbon in their pastures could 
be one way to do that.

As for the time and know-how, there's a new office in the U.S. 
Department of Agriculture in Washington designed to create a market 
for exchanges like that. "The potential for landowners is huge" when 
it comes to carbon ranching, says Sally Collins, director of the new 
USDA Office of Ecosystem Services and Markets.

Land that stores carbon would generate extra income. Actually 
measuring carbon in soil and plants isn't easy, though. Collins 
acknowledges that a market won't work unless the buyers and sellers 
know exactly what they're getting.

"We have got to figure out how to have one set of scientifically 
based, credible standards," says Collins.

These standards would measure exactly how much carbon stays in the 
soil and the grass. And even what happens to it after microbes and 
cows eat it. This all sounds complicated, and it is. But as 
negotiators at the Copenhagen climate meeting struggle with ways to 
reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, storing carbon in soil and 
plants may start to look like an attractive option.
> From venaurafarm@bellsouth.net  Thu Dec 10 23:50:43 2009
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Subject: Re: [permaculture] of ants and aphids
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Dieter Brand wrote:
> I have seen many examples of how ants nurture aphids, but what I saw 
today still surprised me.  The ants had built mud structures around my 
artichoke plants (stalks and leaves) so that whitish ants that normally 
only colonize the roots could feed on the plant’s green parts even in 
cold weather.  They built delicate earth walls around the stalks to 
about a foot above ground and started to plaster the artichoke leaves 
with mud to a height of two to three feet. In the part they had 
completed, there was a narrow hollow space between the plant and the mud 
walls so that the ants could circulate freely for milking the aphids.
>
> The ants also already nurture colonies of aphids on the citrus trees, 
something they normally only do in March or April when the weather gets 
warmer.  They also collected much of the wheat I had broadcast into the 
fields.  Normally, I can broadcast seeds without soil cover from 
mid-November because the ants stay underground during the winter.  I 
have never seen ants that active by mid-December.
>
> Looks like ants and aphids are adapting well to climate change.

That's an amazing story. Here's a fascinating page at Rincon-Vitova 
Insectaries website on ants.
http://www.rinconvitova.com/ants.htm
<...>"Aphids, mealybug, soft scales, and whitefly, among other 
plant-feeding pests, develop fascinating mutually beneficial 
relationships with ants and our allies the predators and parasites are 
not invited."<...>

> Are we?

I don't know yet how I will deal with the drought we will probably have 
in my area next Summer. I have thought about it and have decided to 
plant crops only on areas I can properly tend and water instead of over 
several acres, after tractor weeding, tillage, hilling and bedding. Like 
I will only plant what areas I can work with hand tools. This should 
work out fine. I have adequate cover crops covering the entire site.
When the ryegrass matures and sets seed it will lay over and form a 
dense thick mulch, protecting the soil from drying and hosting 
successive crops of weeds, maybe volunteer vegetables. I can plant 
squash in this area with great success. I left thick beds of ryegrass on 
fields this year with planting any crops there. They look great now, 
succession weed crops look to be quite manageable. Of course the huge 
numbers of ryegrass seeds lurking under the mulch are always a problem 
for future cropping, but a manageable one with shallow tillage, careful 
bedding and observation.