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  • From: lbsaltzman@aol.com
  • To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org
  • Subject: [permaculture] Organic Red Wines
  • Date: Wed, 16 May 2007 17:02:40 -0400

It always pay to do it right!

http://www.organic-center.org/science.latest.php?action=view&report_id=85

Key Differences Found Between Organic and Conventional Red Wines
March 2007
Recent evidence has suggested that moderate consumption of red wine results
in a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. This is attributed to the
antioxidant effect of the polyphenolic compounds in red wines. The major
antioxidant in red wines – resveratrol – is a stilbene shown to have
anticancer effects.
However, wines have also been shown to be contaminated with ochratoxin A
(OTA), a mycotoxin that is widespread in foodstuffs including cereals,
coffee, walnuts, milk, and pork meat. The European Scientific Committee for
Food defines OTA as “a mycotoxin having carcinogenic, nephrotoxic,
teratogenic, immunotoxic, and probably neurotoxic effects.” Attempts have
been made to clarify what level of OTA consumption is safe, with estimates
ranging from 0.5-10 micrograms per kilogram (parts per billion).
This study examines 15 different red wines – five table wines, four
Controlled Denomination of Origin (Denominazione di origine controllata, or
DOC), and six organic wines. Researchers (Micelli et al., 2003) looked at the
levels of polyphenolic compounds, resveratrol, antioxidant activity, and
ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination.
Organic and DOC wines were found to have significantly higher levels of total
polyphenols. DOC wines had the greatest total polyphenols, averaging 2,148
mg/liter (parts per million). An organic wine was shown to have the highest
total polyphenols of all 15 varieties studied, 2,540 mg per liter, 30% higher
than the average total polyphenols in table wines.
Resveratrol and antioxidant activity were both were found to be highest in
the organic wines. In terms of resveratrol levels, the organic wines averaged
1.69 mg per liter (parts per million), while DOC and Table wines averaged
1.16 and 1.18 mg per liter respectively. The organic wines tested were found
to have the greatest antioxidant activity, averaging 13.6 percent (percentage
of Beta-carotene protection against oxidation). Table wines had on average 50
percent less antioxidant activity than organic and DOC wines.
Of the three types of wine, only the organic wines showed a significant
difference in OTA contamination. OTA contamination in six organic wines
averaged 0.14 micrograms per liter (parts per billion), while the four DOC
wines averaged 0.45 micrograms per liter and the five table wines were 0.38
micrograms per liter.
This study found that among 15 varieties of red wine, organic wines had the
greatest concentrations of antioxidant activity and of the key antioxidant
resveratrol. An organic wine also was found to have the highest level of
total polyphenols. Contamination of the mycotoxin OTA was over three times
higher in conventionally grown DOC varieties compared to organic wines, and
the OTA levels in table wines were 2.5 times higher that organic red wines.
The study found that the combination of farming practices used by organic
grape growers reduced the risk of mycotoxin formation, through an as yet
unidentified mechanism. In the Organic Center’s State of Science Review on
mycotoxins, two possible explanations are discussed:
Lower levels of nitrogen in organic systems tends to reduce fungal growth; and
Generally higher levels of antioxidants in organic grapes protects fruit from
mycotoxin-forming fungi.

Source: “Polyphenols, resveratrol, antioxidant activity, and ochratoxin A
contamination in red table wines, Controlled Denomination of Origin (COD)
wines and wines obtained from organic farming.”
Authors: Antonio Micelli, Carmine Negro, Luca Tommasi and Pietro de Leo,
Journal of Wine Research, Volume 14, Number 2-3,
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