Biblical Hebrew Forum

[Michael Abernathy <mabernathy AT conwaycorp.net>]

Thank you David,
I couldn't understand why the Targum translated /eNoosh as "strong" when every lexicon I have says, "weak" or "sick."
On 10/9/2012 5:45 PM, David Kolinsky wrote:

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Michael and Stephen,

I think /eNooSh is best translated as "severe or imposing" or perhaps the combination of "imposingly severe."  It is an evolutionary expansion of the root /aNaH which in piel means  "to force,  to impose" (Ex21:13), in pual means "to be forced / be imposed upon (Ps91:10)(Pr12:21) and in hitpael means  "to impose oneself "(KII5:7).  The evolutionary change occurs when the 2 letter root /aNaH (the H being a place marker and not truly part of the root) is expanded to three letters /NSh with a slight change in meaning. 

/NSh in turn evolves further:

in the word \NSh "to punish," with a slight modification of the Aleph to an Ayin and a slight change in meaning

and
in the word /NS "forceful, severe, be compelling" (Ex14:25)(Es1:8), with a slight modification of the Shin to a Samekh.

A word can also evolve in meaning without any change in root structure.  So that even though /aNaSh means "severely imposing" most of the time, sometimes it means just "severe" as in "severely ill" (SmII12:15), this is further seen in the Akkadian /aNaSh meaning  "be / become weak, poverty-stricken, dilapidated;" and sometimes it means mostly "imposing" in the sense of being "frequently or often imposing > applied" as in the use in Isaiah to mean "customary, familiar, common." (Is8:1)
 
The word /aNaH is related to the word /aNeY meaning "I."

There are many ways for a person to assert oneself, the piel of /aNaH "to force,  to impose" is one way.  Another way is through complaint as is seen in the paal form of /aNaH  meaning "to complain,  to lament" (Is3:26;19:8).

/aNaH also evolved by the change of the initial Aleph

to a Yod in the word YNH where the word YoNaH means "oppressor, oppressive" (Jr25:38;46:16)(Tz3:1).
to an Ayin in the word \aNaH where it means "to humiliate" in (Dt21:14),  "to rape" in (Gn34:2), "to afflict" in (Ps88:8). (as well as other related meanings)

Regards,
David Kolinsky,
Monterey CA
 

From: Stephen Shead <sshead.email AT gmail.com>
To: b-hebrew AT lists.ibiblio.org; mabernathy AT conwaycorp.net
Sent: Tue, October 9, 2012 1:33:23 PM
Subject: Re: [b-hebrew] Jeremiah 17:9

Hi Michael,

Your Hebrew didn't come out properly for me, not sure why... Anyway, a few points:

1. Are you sure you haven't confused עקב in Jer 17:9 with עמק in Psa 64:7[6]? It's true that the latter means "deep" in the sense of "mysterious, impenetrable", but עקב in Jer 17:9, according to my lexica, means "uneven bumpy terrain" and, metaphorically, "deceitful, sly" - perhaps related to the verb עקב as well, and the name "Jacob" with its allusion to heel-grasping?? But it's certainly not עמק.

2. Jer 17:10 is not in fact about the difficulty of understanding the human heart (though v.9 implies that it is difficult for a mere human to understand the heart). In fact, the question at the end of v. 9 - "Who can understand it?" - is answered by the first words of v.10, which is actually an extended noun phrase identifying who: אני יהוה, "I, Yhwh, searching the heart, testing the mind...".

The combination of God "searching" (חקר) and "testing" (בחן, as of testing and smelting metal) the human heart isn't to express difficulty, it's to express his role as judge, even of the inner thoughts of a person (for this use of חקר, compare Psa 139:23-24 and Job 13:9, or Prov 18:17 for a human law-court scenario). Job 13:9 also makes it clear that such understanding is not beyond the "searching" of God - nothing escapes his scrutiny.

The final clause of Jer 17:10 confirms this judicial sense: "...to give every man according to his ways, according to the fruit of his deeds".

3. Returning to v.9, the second descriptor for the heart - אנשׁ (or אנושׁ) - connotes not just sickness, but, in contexts referring to some metaphorical "wound", being incurable (Job 34:6; Isa. 17:11; Jer 15:18; 30:12, 15; Micah 1:9). If we add that to the first descriptor, it seems to me we have a description of the heart as deceitful, and incurably so.

Best regards,

Stephen Shead

Centro de Estudios Pastorales,

Santiago, Chile