permaculture

[Steve Diver <steved@ipa.net>]

Hey Larry -

This collection was great, it really connected the dots

Steve Diver 



-----Original Message-----
>From: Lawrence London <lfljvenaura@gmail.com>
>Sent: Apr 13, 2017 8:33 PM
>To: permaculture <permaculture@mailman1.ibiblio.org>
>Subject: Re: [permaculture] Fwd: [compost_tea] Connecting the Dots
>
>More on soil health:
>
>Glomalin:
>Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon -
>ARS Bulletin
>http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/sep02/soil0902.htm
>From: "ARS News Service" <isnv@ars-grin.gov>
>To: "ARS News List" <ars-news@ars-grin.gov>
>Subject: High CO2 Stimulates Soil-Building "Glue"
>Date: Wed, Aug 11, 1999, 11:03 AM
>High CO2 Stimulates Soil-Building "Glue"
>ARS News Service
>Agricultural Research Service, USDA
>Don Comis, (301) 504-1625, dcomis@asrr.arsusda.gov
>August 12, 1999
>"In the first examination of the effects of high atmospheric carbon dioxide
>levels on soil structure, an Agricultural Research Service scientist and
>cooperators found that the gas stimulates soil-dwelling fungi to produce
>more of a unique protein that greatly amplifies a soil's ability to store
>carbon.
>The study's results are described in a letter published in the August 12
>issue of Nature magazine. One of the letter's authors, ARS soil scientist
>Sara F. Wright, previously discovered the protein and named it glomalin.
>She suspects it may be the primary glue that holds soil together. Now it
>appears that a little of this glue goes a long way toward helping soils
>keep carbon out of the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide.
>http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/sep02/soil0902.htm
>Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon
>A sticky protein seems to be the unsung hero of soil carbon storage.
>Until its discovery in 1996 by ARS soil scientist Sara F. Wright, this soil
>"super glue" was mistaken for an unidentifiable constituent of soil organic
>matter. Rather, it permeates organic matter, binding it to silt, sand, and
>clay particles. Not only does glomalin contain 30 to 40 percent carbon, but
>it also forms clumps of soil granules called aggregates. These add
>structure to soil and keep other stored soil carbon from escaping.
>As a glycoprotein, glomalin stores carbon in both its protein and
>carbohydrate (glucose or sugar) subunits. Wright, who is with the
>Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland, thinks
>the glomalin molecule is a clump of small glycoproteins with iron and other
>ions attached. She found that glomalin contains from 1 to 9 percent tightly
>bound iron."
>
><>
>
>Chitin:
>http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/orgfarm/mycology/chitin.txt
>Date:         Fri, 11 May 2001 08:18:07 -0500
>Sender:       Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group
><SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU>
>From:         "Wilson, Dale" <WILSONDO@PHIBRED.COM>
>Subject:      Chitin in laymans terms
>"Two basic strategies for mechanical support are found among living things,
>bones/muscles and tough, hard shells.  Plants, fungi, insects, spiders, and
>crustaceans (including lots of tiny, tiny soil creatures) have shells or
>cell walls.  Most of these exoskeletons and walls are made of sugar
>molecules spun together to make long chains.  The sugar molecules are
>connected by a kind of linkage or bond that is very resistant to breakdown
>(unlike starch, which is easily broken into sugar). The plants make cell
>walls mainly out of cellulose, the main constituent of cotton and wood.
>The animals (and most fungi) that make cell walls and exoskeletons make
>them out of a substance very similar to cellulose called chitin, also
>fiberous and hard to break down.  It is almost identical chemically to
>cellulose, except the sugar molecules have an amino group (contains N)
>stuck on the side.
>The fact that chitin contains all this nitrogen has important
>implications ecologically.  Nitrogen is a scarce resource in most systems
>(well, not if you apply 200 lb/a!), and chitin is an important source of N,
>and sugar in many systems.  There has been great pressure for the evolution
>of organisms that can exploit this resource.  In soils with a large
>currency of chitin (soils with a lot of fungi) there are also many
>organisms that eat chitin for breakfast.  In such situations, chitin is
>less effective as armor plate. It so happens that nematodes use chitin as
>armor plate, and of course most fungi do to.  Soil with a high rate of
>formation and breakdown of chitin is less hospitable to nematodes and
>fungi.  Flora must spend more energy
>defending itself.  Plants have ways of exploiting this situation at the
>root/soil interface.  It is all wonderfully complex and, well, miraculous
>(also very violent on a tiny scale)."
>Dale
>
><>
>
>VAMs, phosphorous, clover, formononetin & Myconate:
>Subject:     Re: [SANET-MG] Soil solution concentrations of phosphorus
>Date:     Wed, 29 Dec 2010 13:08:10 -0500
>From:     Beginning Farmers <beginningfarmers@gmail.com>
>To:     Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group
><SANET-MG@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>
>
>"Based on this result it was postulated that the plants were actually
>sending out a 'signal' when they were under P stress that 'told' the
>mycorrhizae 'we need help'. Another researcher, Muralee Nair, was able to
>isolate a compound called formononetin - an isoflavanoid (think soybeans)
>that was responsible for the signal. Formononetin was present in such small
>quantities that Nair didn't believe the results at first. But after
>isolating and synthesizing the compound, he consistently got significant
>increases in not only mycorrhizal colonization but also rhizobial
>nodulation (associated with nitrogen fixation) in legumes. You can get the
>paper for free here:"
>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb00568.x/abstract
>
>fungi-mycorrhizae.faq
>http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/orgfarm/mycology/fungi-mycorrhizae.faq
>
>mycology
>http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/orgfarm/mycology/
>
>History of biointensive, regenerative agriculture & soil quality
>information:
>
>The work of Bargyla Rateaver:
>
>Organic Method Primer Update: A Practical Explanation : the How and Why for
>the Beginner and the Experience
>by Bargyla Rateaver, Gylver Rateaver
>Book - January 1993
>
>A Condensation of Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening
>A Condensation of Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening (1st Edition)
>by Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, Bargyla Rateaver (Editor), Gylver Rateaver (Editor)
>Book - January 1973
>
><>
>
>The Work of Carey Reams:
>
>Carey A. Reams (1903-1985) was a man ahead of his time. Trained in
>mathematics, biophysics, and biochemistry he made many discoveries in
>the fields of human health, plant growth, energetics, animal health, and
>soil restoration. These findings were later codified in an overall view
>of life and energy known as Reams Biological Theory of Ionization (RBTI).
>
>Insect, weed and disease resistance in plants that have a high Brix
>reading and are nutrient dense.
>
>High Brix Farming and Gardening
>Nutrient Dense Food
>(this is now a popular trend guiding grocery shoppers to higher quality
>produce - Whole Foods now features certain fruits and vegetables that
>they advertise as being "nutrient dense")
>
>And the contribution of Acres USA again:
>http://www.crossroads.ws/brixbook/BBook.htm#DR.%20CAREY%20REAMS
>"Whatever the answer to those questions, it is known that he created a
>bombshell in the early 1970’s when he, refractometer in hand, walked
>into the office of ACRES USA and placed a simple chart on the editor’s
>desk. That chart correlated brix numbers with four general quality
>levels for most fruits and vegetables. Copied innumerous times, it has
>made its way around the world over and over."
>
>Reams Biological Theory of Ionization
>Understand what health is and what it means.
>Understand levels of body chemistry using urine and saliva.
>Understand the proper relationship of mental and spiritual aspects of
>health relating to body chemistry.
>
>"As a mathematical genius Reams was very familiar with Einstein's energy
>equation and understood its significance. During his many years of
>friendship with Albert Einstein he once chided him saying 'you know how
>to take matter apart but you don't know how to put it back together
>again.' Einstein immediately shot back that figuring out how to do that
>was a job for Reams."
>
>And a nice discovery:
>Free PDF Search Engine
>http://www.pdfgeni.com/
>http://www.pdfgeni.com/book/carey-reams-pdf.html
># Carey Reams in Usenet newsgroup archives at Google Groups
># Carey Reams' Testing & Evaluation Methods, February 2007 • Vol. 37,
>No. 2 Acres USA article by Arden Anderson
>http://www.acresusa.com/toolbox/reprints/Feb07_ReamsTesting_andersen.pdf
># PHOSPHATE By Dr. Carey A. Reams The factor which determines the ...
>http://www.proactiveag.com/upload/Phosphate%20-%20Dr.%20Carey%20Reams.pdf
>
><>
>
>The work of Rex Harrill:
>
>USING A REFRACTOMETER TO TEST THE QUALITY OF FRUITS & VEGETABLES
>Copyright 1994, 1998 by Rex Harrill
>PUBLISHED BY PINEKNOLL PUBLISHING
>P 0 BOX 6, KEEDYSVILLE, MD 21756
>PH/FAX 301-432-2979 Cell phone 301-992-2979
>http://www.crossroads.ws/brixbook/BBook.htm
>
>The Quest for Nutrient-Dense Food: High-Brix Farming and Gardening
>Jun 9, 2009 ... Suze Fisher interviews Rex Harrill on high-brix farming
>and gardening.
>www.westonaprice.org/The-Quest-for-Nutrient-Dense-Food-High-Brix-Farming-and-Gardening.html
>(link is 404)
>Weston Price interview with Rex Harrill.
>http://www.westonaprice.org/farming/nutrient-dense.html
>(also 404)
>
><>
>
>Dr. Ana Primavesi
>(nutrient and microbial balances). Steve Diver summarized her work:
>http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/4/msg00085.html
>-
>This particular archive contains much useful information. It is made up
>of posts to sanet, permaculture and other forums over the years.
>You can browse summaries of the archives containing the individual
>posts or download each complete archive in plain text format containing
>all the messages in no particular order.
>
><>
>
>Soil Foodweb, Inc.
>Elaine Ingham
>soilfoodweb@aol.com
>Soil Foodweb Approach
>http://www.soilfoodweb.com/sfi_approach1.html
>Soil Foodweb Oregon, LLC
>635 SW Western Blvd, Corvallis OR 97333
>tel: 541 - 752 - 5066 fax: 541 - 752 - 5142
>info@oregonfoodweb.com
>soilfoodweb@AOL.COM
>
><>
>
>Summaries of selected online resources:
>---------------------------------------
>Compost Tea, Soil Foodweb, Soil Quality Discussion
>Archive 1
>http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/1/maillist.html
>Archive 2
>http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/2/maillist.html
>Archive 3
>http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/3/maillist.html
>Archive 4
>http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/4/maillist.html
>Archive 5
>http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/5/maillist.html
>
>Each archive as downloadable individual text files:
>---------------------------------------------------
>  CompostTea+NOSB-SanetMGThread
>      03-Jul-2008 16:44  2.1M
>http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/mailboxfiles/CompostTea+NOSB-SanetMGThread
>[   ] CompostTea+SoilFoodWeb
>          03-Jul-2008 16:44  1.4M
>http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/mailboxfiles/CompostTea+SoilFoodWeb
>[   ] CompostTea-SoilFoodweb
>          03-Jul-2008 16:47  4.8M
>http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/mailboxfiles/CompostTea-SoilFoodweb
>[   ] Composttea&Soilfoodweb-2
>          03-Jul-2008 16:43  182K
>http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/mailboxfiles/Composttea&Soilfoodweb-2
>[   ] compost+soilfoodweb-sanetdiscussion
>          03-Jul-2008 16:43  848K
>http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/mailboxfiles/compost+soilfoodweb-sanetdiscussion
>
>Other useful information:
>-------------------------
>
>Soils In Biological Agriculture
>http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/permaculture/mailarchives/discussion-threads/soil-quality
>
>Remineralize the Earth
>http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/orgfarm/remineralization/remineralization.selected-writings
>
>
>Also, regarding soil pH, Elaine Ingham of Soil Foodweb, Inc writes:
>"It is the biology in the soil that determines soil pH.
><...>
>Until the habitat in the soil is changed so that beneficial bacteria
>and fungi are selected for by the soil environment, low pH problems
>will eternally haunt you. Constructing your beds using a spade or digging
>fork and a digging spade
>will allow you to retain a much higher percentage of the established
>colonies of these organisms."
><>
>categories of soil inhabitants
>(unicellular and multicellular)
>Bacteria
>Fungi
>Algae
>Protozoa
>Nematodes
>Microarthropods
>Enchytraeids
>Earthworms
>Ants, termites, spiders
>Mollusks
>Others: rodents, snakes, voles, amphibians, dung beetles, fire ants, moles,
>armadillos,
>gophers
>Actinomycetes:
>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/4401/actinomycete
>"any member of a heterogeneous group of gram-positive, generally anaerobic
>bacteria noted for a filamentous
>and branching growth pattern that results, in most forms, in an extensive
>colony, or mycelium. The mycelium
>in some species may break apart to form rod- or coccoid-shaped forms. Many
>genera also form spores; the sporangia,
>or spore cases, may be found on aerial hyphae, on the colony surface, or
>free within the environment.
>Motility, when present, is conferred by flagella. Many species of
>actinomycetes occur in soil and are harmless to
>animals and higher plants, while some are important pathogens, and many
>others are beneficial sources of antibiotics.
>-
>What do bacteria do in soil:
>Colonize aerobic and anaerobic environments
>Decompose labile substrates
>Mediate redox transformations
>Nourish bacterivores
>Fix N
>-
>What Fungi Do in the Soil:
>Decompose recalcitrant organic compounds
>Penetrate residues
>Stabilize soil structure
>Nourish fungivores
>Form symbioses with plant roots and soil fauna
>Compete with plant pathogens
>Parasitize plants and soil animals
>Produce toxins e.g.  aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus on peanut"
>
><><><><>
>(from a sanet-mg post by D. Hinds)
>
>categories of soil inhabitants
>(unicellular and multicellular)
>Bacteria
>Fungi
>Algae
>Protozoa
>Nematodes
>Microarthropods
>Enchytraeids
>Earthworms
>Ants, termites, spiders
>Mollusks
>Others: rodents, snakes, voles, amphibians, dung beetles, fire ants, moles,
>armadillos,
>gophers
>Actinomycetes:
>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/4401/actinomycete
>"any member of a heterogeneous group of gram-positive, generally anaerobic
>bacteria
>noted for a filamentous and branching growth pattern that results, in most
>forms,
>in an extensive colony, or mycelium. The mycelium in some species may break
>apart
>to form rod- or coccoid-shaped forms. Many genera also form spores; the
>sporangia,
>or spore cases, may be found on aerial hyphae, on the colony surface, or
>free
>within the environment. Motility, when present, is conferred by flagella.
>Many species of actinomycetes occur in soil and are harmless to animals and
>higher plants,
>while some are important pathogens, and many others are beneficial sources
>of antibiotics."
>
>What do bacteria do in soil:
>Colonize aerobic and anaerobic environments
>Decompose labile substrates
>Mediate redox transformations
>Nourish bacterivores
>Fix N
>
>What Fungi Do in the Soil:
>Decompose recalcitrant organic compounds
>Penetrate residues
>Stabilize soil structure
>Nourish fungivores
>Form symbioses with plant roots and soil fauna
>Compete with plant pathogens
>Parasitize plants and soil animals
>Produce toxins e.g.  aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus on peanut
>
>"He doesn't specifically mention producing phyto-hormones or
>antibiotic substances but the phyto-hormones are formed in symbiosis
>with plant roots and antibiotics work by competing with (and thereby
>interrupting) one or more of a pathogen's fundamental metabolic
>processes."
>
>Soil Ecology Primer includes information from <http://soils.usda.gov/>:
>"Soils is part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, an effort of
>Federal and State agencies, universities, and professional societies
>to deliver science-based soil information."
>
>Lawrence mentioned a need to establish "primary categories" and
>referred to 7 categories Elaine Ingham presents. It would be
>interesting to compare her classification system with the
>taxonomical approach used by National Cooperative Soil Survey
>mentioned by Joel and available via the above website.
>
>The Soil Foodweb approach to soil management emphasizes the
>importance of soil microorganisms and focuses on the use of compost,
>compost tea and soil testing. Soil Foodweb provides information and
>offers lab services and courses related to those key elements.
><http://www.soilfoodweb.com
>
>ATTRA, the National Agriculture Library (NAL), WinRock and the
>principle agricultural universities' websites are other sources that
>surely contain information relevant.
>(There's another on-line soil library with links to an important work,
>original from
>Russia on soil organisms not available elsewhere.
>
>Biologist Lynn Margulis has published a number of important
>works, including:
>  Five Kingdoms: An illustrated guide to the phyla of life on Earth
>  (1998)
>  Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Microbial communities in the Archean
>  and Proterozoic eons (second edition, 1993).
>Her classification system for organisms is unique and deserves attention.
>
>Google search "soil ecology"
>
>  The Soil Ecology Society (SES) is an international organization of
>researchers, students, environmental professionals and others interested in
>the ...
>  www.wcsu.edu/ses/ses.html - 4k - Cached - Similar pages
>
>  Soil ecology
>  D C Coleman & D A Crossley in 'Fundamentals of soil ecology, 1996, assign
>functions and influence on nutrient cycling and soil structure to these
>groups in ...
>  www.seafriends.org.nz/enviro/soil/ecology.htm - 55k - Cached - Similar
>pages
>
>  Soil Ecology
>  Lab Study Questions. Exam Questions from Labs. Soil Ecology Links ....
>For more information on soil ecology and soil organisms, visit The Microbe
>zoo ...
>  cropsoil.psu.edu/courses/soils101/labs/ecology.html - 17k - Cached -
>Similar pages
>
>  Gordon's Soil Ecology Page
>  An Introduction to the amazing world of the soil, its inhabitants and
>their ecology.
>  www.earthlife.net/insects/soileco.html - 50k - Cached - Similar pages
>
>  Soil Ecology in the Yahoo! Directory
>  Yahoo! reviewed these sites and found them related to Soil Ecology.
>  dir.yahoo.com/Science/Ecology/Soil_Ecology/ - 7k - Cached - Similar pages
>
>  Applied Soil Ecology - Elsevier
>  Applied Soil Ecology addresses the role of soil organisms and their
>interactions in relation to: agricultural productivity, nutrient cycling
>and other soil ...
>  www.elsevier.com/wps/product/cws_home/524518 - 68k - Cached - Similar
>pages
>
>  GSF Soil Ecology
>  The primary concern of the Institute of Soil Ecology is the conservation
>and evaluation of soil in its role as the support for plants and as a
>significant ...
>  www.gsf.de/iboe/ - 8k - Cached - Similar pages
>
>  Laboratory of Soil Ecology and Microbiology
>  Research projects and publications (University of Rhode Island, USA).
>  www.uri.edu/cels/nrs/seml/ - 7k - Cached - Similar pages
>
>  Soil Ecology and Restoration Group
>  Primary focus is on soils and below-ground processes in arid and semiarid
>ecosystems with emphasis on microbial ecology and plant-microorganism ...
>  www.sci.sdsu.edu/SERG/ - 3k - Cached - Similar pages
>
>  Soil ecology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
>  Soil ecology is the study of the interactions among soil organisms, and
>between biotic and abiotic aspects of the soil environment. ...
>  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_ecology - 22k - Cached - Similar pages
>
>
>On Thu, Apr 13, 2017 at 9:11 PM, Lawrence London <lfljvenaura@gmail.com>
>wrote:
>
>>
>> On Thu, Apr 13, 2017 at 1:54 PM, Scott Pittman <scott@permaculture.org>
>> wrote:
>>
>>> Thanks for posting this Lawrence, this is one of the best examples of
>>> whole system thinking that I know of.  I wish I could share it with
>>> everyone.
>>>
>>
>> You could share it with Facebook friends or with other mailing lists.
>>
>> "*Published on Apr 5, 2017*
>>
>> In this video, natural health expert and Mercola.com founder Dr. Joseph
>> Mercola interviews Dr. Zach Bush about soil health, intercellular
>> communication and their effects on human health. To read health articles,
>> visit Mercola.com."
>> This is a big topic these days.
>>
>> Here is an exercise for you Scott. What are your thoughts about this? We
>> are talking about bacteria and fungi interacting with plants for
>> nourishment and survival while also nourishing the host plants. My question
>> is how do bacteria and fungi relate to each other while doing their job
>> interacting with plants when each helps plants acquire phosphorous and too
>> much plant available phosphorous causes plants to shut down the process.
>>
>> Some of my thoughts on soil health:
>>
>> Soil with balanced macro and micro nutrients will more rapidly encourage
>> larger (than in soil with unbalanced nutrients) populations of beneficial
>> microorganisms which in turn will cause the generation of more organic
>> matter and humus which will lead to greater soil water retention, tilth,
>> friability and fertility and reduce the need for supplemental irrigation.
>>
>> It goes without saying that farming in harmony with Nature and the
>> environment plus nonuse of synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers
>> and heavy use of tillage could solve many plant disease problems.
>>
>> Humanity has been feeding itself for many thousands of years,
>> homesteaders, tribes, agrarian societies, entire civilizations. Traditional
>> systems could be stressed to feed the growing global population. Answer:
>> keep them in place, revise and improve them, stabilize such natural farming
>> systems, learn from indigenous farmers. Use permaculture design, principles
>> and methods in tandem with robust natural agricultural systems, highly
>> developed and refined. We need an encyclopedia on how to do this and an
>> accompanying textbook. The task is divided between the public, private
>> sector and the government.
>>
>> It wouls be interesting to explore the relationship between soil-borne
>> bacteria that enhance the phosphate stress response
>> in plants and the effect plant root colonized VAM's have on increased
>> phosphate uptake, how each process is affected by the other
>> and how that might be regulated by plant, bacteria or fungi for maximum
>> benefit to each.
>> Here are two interesting resources on VAMs:
>> 1)
>> Mycorrhizal Associations: Arbuscular Mycorrhizas
>> https://mycorrhizas.info/vam.html
>> 2)
>> Use of Vesicular - Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) as Biofertilizer for
>> Horticultural Plants in Developing Countries - Springer
>> http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-011-3176-6_8#page-1
>>
>> http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-011-3176-6_8
>>
>> Abstract
>>
>> Mycorrhiza is the product of an association between a fungus and plant
>> root. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) is formed by the symbiotic
>> association between certain phycomycetous fungi and angiosperm roots. The
>> fungus colonizes the root cortex forming a mycelial network and
>> characteristic vesicles (bladder-like structures) and arbuscules (branched
>> finger-like hyphae). The mycelia are aseptate or septate ramifying
>> intercellularly thus causing little damage to tissues. The arbuscules are
>> the most characteristic structures, formed intracellularly and probably
>> having an absorptive function. The vesicles are terminal swellings of
>> hyphae formed inter and intracellularly having a storage function. There
>> are six genera of fungi belonging to Endogonaceae which have been shown to
>> form mycorrhizal associations: Glomus, Gigaspora, Acaulospora,
>> Entrophospora Sclerocystis and Scutellospora. These are mainly identified
>> by their characteristic spores and sporocarps which are formed mostly in
>> the soil surrounding the roots and rarely inside the roots. The
>> identification of VAM fungi directly from roots has been difficult. One of
>> the striking features of VAM fungi is their very wide host range which
>> includes angiosperm species belonging to almost all the families. Even the
>> roots of some aquatic plants are colonized by VAM fungi.
>> Brendan Niemira : USDA ARShttps://www.ars.usda.gov/peopl
>> e-locations/person?person-id=43393
>>
>> ....did research on red clover exudates (affecting soil microbiology?)
>> increasing a plant's ability to uptake phosphorous.
>> Maybe this was in some way connected to an increase in phosphate stress
>> response.
>> This was mentioned in several Sanet posts years ago. I think someone tried
>> to commercialize production of this exudate.
>>
>> Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to utilization of
>> organic sources of phosphorus by red clover in a calcareous soil
>> http://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/379209/Feng%20et%20al%202003.pdf
>> Phosphorus deficiency in red clover promotes exudation of ... - NCBI
>> <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17260144>
>> https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17260144
>> by K Yoneyama - ‎2007 - ‎Cited by 221
>> <https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oe=utf-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=238862353653498900>
>> - ‎Related articles
>> <https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oe=utf-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:FAS7iwucUAP1EM:scholar.google.com/>
>> *Phosphorus* deficiency in *red clover* promotes *exudation* of
>> orobanchol, the signal for mycorrhizal symbionts and germination stimulant
>> for root parasites.
>> Phosphorus deficiency in red clover promotes exudation of ...
>> <http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00425-006-0410-1>
>> link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00425-006-0410-1
>> by K Yoneyama - ‎2007 - ‎Cited by 222
>> <https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oe=utf-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=238862353653498900>
>> - ‎Related articles
>> <https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oe=utf-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:FAS7iwucUAP1EM:scholar.google.com/>
>> *Phosphorus* deficiency in *red clover* promotes *exudation* of
>> orobanchol, the signal for mycorrhizal symbionts and germination stimulant
>> for root parasites.
>>
>>
>> [PDF]Plant mechanisms to optimise access to soil phosphorus - CiteSeerX
>> <http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.971.188&rep=rep1&type=pdf>
>> citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.971.188&rep=rep1...pdf
>> by AE RichardsonA - ‎2009 - ‎Cited by 205
>> <https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oe=utf-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=5245700787367287107>
>> - ‎Related articles
>> <https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oe=utf-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:Q5kDvRJ5zEifFM:scholar.google.com/>
>> capacity to supply P in a soluble form that is available for *plant
>> uptake* (i.e. as ..... their *ability to increase* the effective length
>> and surface area of roots ..... anions *exuded* from white lupin cluster
>> roots (Johnson et al. 1996 ...... *red clover* and ryegrass from an
>> Oxisol as affected by P and model humic *substances* application. 1.
>> Chapter 5 Plant Roots and Microorganisms - ScienceDirect
>> <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166248108705634>
>> www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166248108705634
>> May 12, 2008 - The cooperation of higher *plants* with living
>> microorganisms occurs most intensively and ... usually *increased*
>> exudation from tomatoes and subterranean *clover*. .... This is true even
>> though the total quantity of *substances exuded* may be ..... The
>> efficiency in nutrient *uptake*, especially of *phosphorus*, by the ...
>> Analysis of Phosphate Acquisition Efficiency in Different Arabidopsis ...
>> <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC59875/>
>> https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › NCBI › Literature › PubMed Central (PMC)
>> by RA Narang - ‎2000 - ‎Cited by 142
>> <https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oe=utf-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=12125372113180787899>
>> - ‎Related articles
>> <https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oe=utf-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:u4SRp7H5RajfcM:scholar.google.com/>
>> Significant differences were found in root morphology, phosphate *uptake*
>> kinetics, ... rhizosphere acidification, and the *ability* of roots to
>> penetrate substrates. ... *Phosphorus* is a major mineral nutrient
>> required by *plants*, but is one of the most ..... of growth medium of
>> high organic acid *exuding*, phosphate-efficient accessions ...
>>
>>
>>
>> A thread about this in the permaculture list:
>>
>> [permaculture] Breeding plants in diverse communities may lead to more
>> productive plants
>>
>> https://lists.ibiblio.org/sympa/arc/permaculture/2014-November/045377.html
>> Niemira's post was in the Usenet newsgroup, bionet.plants:
>>
>> Article: 5512 of bionet.plants
>> From: niemirab at student.msu.edu
>> <http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/permaculture>  (Brendan A.
>> Niemira)
>> Newsgroups: bionet.plants
>> Subject: Re: Mycorhizzae vs. Fertilizer
>> Date: Thu, 02 Mar 1995  11:04 est
>>
>>
>> For agronomic crops, you're talking about vesicular arbuscular
>> mycorrhizae (VAM), a symbiotic endomycorrhizal fungus.  These are
>> ubiquitous anyway, and
>> not very host-specific, so there is very little need to inoculate the field
>> in order
>> to introduce them.  The big trick is getting them to colonize your crop
>> plant to such an extent that fertilizer inputs can be reduced.  You can a)
>> build up the population in the soil such that even moderately active fungi
>> result in
>> heavy coloniazation, b) put something in the soil to stimulate the activity
>> of smaller populations to get heavy colonization.
>>
>> Crop rotations have been shown to have a definite impact on the population
>> dynamics of VAM, and work is currently being done (by me, among others) to
>> determine how the different crop plants differentially select for certain
>> species of VAM among all that are availible in the soil.
>>
>> Other workers have shown that certain natural, plant-produced chemicals can
>> stimulate the existing VAM to higher levels of activity.  These
>> chemicals were originally derived from red clover, a popular sequence in
>> crop
>> rotations.  This may shed some light on why rotations are effective
>> w/regard to VAM.
>>
>>
>> More:
>>
>> [permaculture] mycorhizae thread - this gem of info: plant selection of
>> appropriate VAM's & VAM-stimulating natural plant 
>> extractshttp://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/permaculture/2013-March/043074.html
>>
>> There are more posts in this thread in the sanet-mg archives that this
>> forwarded post from me was included in.
>> There were replies with a lot more info on :
>> 1) "determine how the different crop plants differentially select for
>> certain
>> species of VAM among all that are availible in the soil."
>> 2) "that certain natural, plant-produced chemicals can
>> stimulate the existing VAM to higher levels of activity.  These
>> chemicals were originally derived from red clover"
>> [a group actually produced such extracts to make a marketable ag product
>> from]
>>
>> More:
>>
>> [permaculture] red clover extract that stimulates vesicular arbuscular
>> mycorrhizae - Google 
>> Searchhttps://lists.ibiblio.org/sympa/arc/permaculture/2013-March/043077.html
>>
>> <>
>>
>> This seems to have to do with Alia's information about available phosphate
>> levels in soil regulating a host plant's colonization of mycorrhizal fungi 
>> on its roots
>> resulting in increased phosphate uptake;
>> i.e. phosphate is a regulator of this process.
>> The article quoted below goes into this:
>> The regulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis by phosphate in pea
>> involves early and systemic signalling events
>> http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/3/1049.full
>>
>> <>
>>
>> http://aem.asm.org/content/57/2/434
>>
>> Isolation and Identification of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza-Stimulatory
>> Compounds from Clover (Trifolium repens) Roots
>>
>> Muraleedharan G. Nair1*,
>> Gene R. Safir2 and
>> Jose O. Siqueira2†
>>
>> + Author Affiliations
>>
>> 1Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Horticulture and
>> Pesticide Research Center, and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2
>> Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
>>
>> ABSTRACT
>>
>> Two isoflavonoids isolated from clover roots grown under phosphate stress
>> were characterized as formononetin (7-hydroxy,4′-methoxy isoflavone) and
>> biochanin A (5,7-dihydroxy,4′-methoxy isoflavone). At 5 ppm, these
>> compounds stimulated hyphal growth in vitro and root colonization of an
>> undescribed vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, a Glomus sp. (INVAM-112). The
>> permethylated products of the two compounds were inactive. These findings
>> suggest that the isoflavonoids studied may act as signal molecules in
>> vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis.
>>
>> In a sanet-mg post, years ago, Dale Wilson mentioned that he knew of a
>> researcher in Ohio (or nearby state) who took an inventory of
>> plant-specific VAMs in his region.
>>
>>
>> --
>> Lawrence F. London, Jr.
>> lfljvenaura@gmail.com
>> https://sites.google.com/site/avantgeared
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>
>
>-- 
>Lawrence F. London, Jr.
>lfljvenaura@gmail.com
>https://sites.google.com/site/avantgeared
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