permaculture

[Steve Hart <stevenlawrencehart@gmail.com>]

Yes Declan..it is another diversion from nature. What did we learn in
Permaculture ? ?  One that rings in my ears " work with nature not against
her" because as we know...Mother nature always fights back. I've just
started re-reading "Hidden Nature" by Bartholomew a biography on
Schauberger...a must for all in the Permaculture network...Steve Hart

On 5 July 2016 at 00:52, Lawrence London <lfljvenaura@gmail.com> wrote:

> On Mon, Jul 4, 2016 at 5:45 AM, scrooge McDuck <declan@planetmail.net>
> wrote:
>
> > What often horrifies me is where they get these 'crisper genes' from -
> > often from sources we would do more than raise an eyebrow at. I have few
> > facts, but I'm not comfortable with what I do know.
> >
> > Regards
> >
> > Declan Moriarty.
> >
> > *Sent:* Sunday, July 03, 2016 at 10:13 PM
> > *From:* "Lawrence London" <lfljvenaura@gmail.com>
> > *To:* permaculture <permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org>
> > *Subject:* [permaculture] Crisper gene technology - are there
> > (John d'Hondt: Will this new powerful gene modification technology have
> > implications for permaculture, changing the genetic makeup pf generations
> > of organisms, including those in the wild?)
> >
> > Crisper gene technology - Google Search
> >
> https://www.google.com/search?q=Crisper+gene+technology&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8
> >
>
> From Wikipedia:
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR
> CRISPR
> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crispr.png>
> Diagram of the CRISPR prokaryotic antiviral defense mechanism.[1]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-pmid20056882-1>
>
> *Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats* (*CRISPR*,
> pronounced *crisper*[2]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-sawyer2013-2>) are
> segments
> of prokaryotic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotic> DNA
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA> containing short repetitions of base
> sequences. Each repetition is followed by short segments of "spacer DNA
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacer_DNA>" from previous exposures to a
> bacteriophage virus or plasmid <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid>.[3]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-pmid20125085-3>
>
> The *CRISPR/Cas system* is a prokaryotic immune system
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system> that confers resistance to
> foreign genetic elements such as those present within plasmids
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmids> and phages
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage>,[4]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-4>[5]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-pmid17379808-5>[6]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-pmid19095942-6> and
> provides a form of acquired immunity
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquired_immunity>. CRISPR spacers
> recognize
> and cut these exogenous genetic elements in a manner analogous to RNA
> interference <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference> in
> eukaryotic
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote> organisms.[3]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-pmid20125085-3> CRISPRs
> are
> found in approximately 40% of sequenced bacterial
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial> genomes and 90% of sequenced
> archaea <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea>.[7]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-pmid17521438-7>[note 1]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-8>
>
> By delivering the Cas9 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas9> nuclease and
> appropriate guide RNAs into a cell, the cell's genome
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome> can be cut at a desired location,
> allowing existing genes to be removed and/or new ones added.[8]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-nature99-9>[9]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-vb99-10>[10]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-pmid26121415-11> CRISPRs
> have been used in concert with specific endonuclease
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonuclease> enzymes
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymes> for genome editing
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_editing> and gene regulation in
> species throughout the tree of life
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life_%28biology%29>.[11]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-12>
>
> Cas9 was the first nuclease discovered, followed by Cpf1, which was
> discovered in the CRISPR/Cpf1 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR/Cpf1>
> system of Francisella novicida
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisella_novicida>.[12]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-pmid26422227-13>[13]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-pmid27096362-14> Other
> such
> systems are thought to exist.[14]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-:3-15>
>
> CRISPR/C2c2 from the bacterium Leptotrichia shahii
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusobacteria> is RNA-guided CRISPR system
> that targets RNA rather than DNA, and can either cleave single-stranded RNA
> targets or knock them down <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_knockdown>.
> [15] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-pmid27256883-16>
>
> The CRISPR interference <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR_interference
> >
> technique has many potential applications, including altering the germline
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germline> of humans, animals, and food
> crops. The use of CRISPR for genome editing[16]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-17>[17]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-18> was the AAAS
> <
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science
> >'s
> choice for breakthrough of the year in 2015.[18]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-19> Bioethical
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethical> concerns have been expressed
> about the prospect of using this nascent biotechnology for editing the
> human germline.[19] <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR#cite_note-20>
> <>
> Bitter fight over CRISPR patent heats up : Nature News & Comment
> <
> http://www.nature.com/news/bitter-fight-over-crispr-patent-heats-up-1.17961
> >
> www.nature.com/news/bitter-fight-over-*crispr*-patent-heats-up-1.17961
> Nature Jan 12, 2016 -
> Use of the *technology* in research has exploded, thanks to *CRISPR*–Cas9's
> relative simplicity and versatility compared to other gene-editing ...
> <>
> http://www.radiolab.org/story/antibodies-part-1-crispr/
> Hidden inside some of the world’s smallest organisms is one of the most
> powerful tools scientists have ever stumbled across. It's a defense system
> that has existed in bacteria for millions of years and it may some day let
> us change the course of human evolution.
> <>
>
> I listened to an interview on public radio last week with an (the?)
> inventor of the CRISPR technology currently in intense development.
> 1) He insisted and will campaign for development and use of CRISPR to be
> completely in the public view, interactive with the public and not behind
> closed doors. He said that this is the way forward for maximum progress
> with and best use of CRISPR.
> 2) He described it this way. With conventional gene splcing the GMO
> organism can eventually shed the modifications to its genetic makeup. With
> CRISPR it can not.because it inserts a gene segment plus a tool (spacer)
> that keeps it in place and protects it from evolutionary changes. In other
> words it makes permanent changes to an organism's genome such that, as any
> organism modified with CRISPR reproduces, those changes are retained in any
> offspring and for generations forward. [this is my take on what he said
> several days ago - I tried to find the interview and name of the researcher
> but without luck],
>
> So, Declan, what "questionable" materials are sourced for use in CRISPR.
> BTW they are talking about modifications to the human genome with this
> promising technology.  .
> --
> Lawrence F. London
> lfljvenaura@gmail.com
> https://sites.google.com/site/avantgeared/
> https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/116100117925365792988/+Avantgeared/posts
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-- 
Kia ora Ehoa

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*Steve Hart*
*Ecology Architect*
*Designer, Teacher, Builder of Ecologically Sustainable Resilient
Environments, through Urban Design, Architecture, Landscape Architecture
and Systems Ecology.​*
Skype: tipenemanawa
Phone: +64 220 75 62 11

Permaculture Global Design:
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The Permaculture International College
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