permaculture

[Lawrence London <lfljvenaura@gmail.com>]

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20667948

 11 December 2012 Last updated at 04:30 ET
Honey bees' genetic code unlocked By Mark Kinver Environment reporter, BBC
News
  Researchers hope the findings will shed light on how honey bees develop
 Continue reading the main
story<http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20667948#story_continues_1>
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 Researchers say they have unlocked the genetic secrets of honey bees' high
sensitivity to environmental change.

Scientists from the UK and Australia think their findings could help show
links between nutrition, environment and the insects' development.

It could, they suggest, offer an insight into problems like Colony Collapse
Disorder, a mysterious cause of mass bee deaths globally.

The findings appear in Insect Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096517481200166X>.


"Honey bees live in complex societies comprising tens of thousands of
individuals," explained study co-author Paul Hurd from Queen Mary,
University of London.

"Most of these are female 'worker' honeybees that are unable to reproduce
and instead devote their short lives to finding food in flowers... and
other tasks such as nursing larvae inside the hive."

But the hive has a queen as well - the much longer-lived, reproductive head
of the hive,

"When the queen bee lays her eggs, worker bees can determine whether the
resulting larvae are to become an adult worker bee or an adult queen bee,"
Dr Hurd said.

"The type of food the larvae is fed dictates the developmental outcome -
larvae destined to become workers are fed a pollen and nectar diet, and
those destined to become queens are fed royal jelly.

"This difference in feeding is maintained over the entire lifetime of the
worker or queen bee."

The change is suggested to be the result of a "histone code" - a process
that sees genetic changes made to proteins called histones within cells'
nuclei. Rather than "genetic" changes that are locked into DNA, these are
known as "epigenetic" changes.

The report marks the first time such effects had been recorded in honey
bees.

"The development of different bees from the same DNA in the larvae is one
of the clearest examples of epigenetics in action - mechanisms that go
beyond the basic DNA sequence," said co-author Mark Dickman from the
University of Sheffield.

"From our knowledge of how the histone code works with in other organisms,
we think the marks on the histone proteins might act as one of the switches
that control how the larvae develop."
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 Related Internet links

   -  Extensive histone post-translational modification in honey
bees<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096517481200166X>
   - Paul Hurd, Queen Mary at University of
London<http://www.sbcs.qmul.ac.uk/staff/paulhurd.html>