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next we need Lynn Margulis and for the Science on EndoSymbiosis,
Co-evolution and Gaia Theory

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From: Permaculture.TV free video cooperative <permaculturecoop@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, Feb 25, 2010 at 5:07 AM
Subject: Permaculture TV - Governing the Commons: Elinor Ostrom delivers her
Nobel Prize lecture
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   Permaculture TV - Governing the Commons: Elinor Ostrom delivers her Nobel
Prize lecture <http://permaculture.tv>
 
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Governing the Commons: Elinor Ostrom delivers her Nobel Prize
lecture<http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/permaculture/EHmn/~3/1J0L_NCba6E/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email>

Posted: 24 Feb 2010 05:07 AM PST

*In 2009, Ostrom became the first woman to receive the prestigious Nobel
Memorial Prize in
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences>***<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences>
*Economic 
Sciences<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences>
**
*

*[image: Elinor Ostrom]
*

The Royal Swedish Academy of
Sciences<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences>cited
Ostrom “for her analysis of economic governance,” saying her work had
demonstrated how common property could be successfully managed by groups
using it. Ostrom and Oliver E.
Williamson<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson>shared
the 10-million Swedish kronor (£910,000; $1.44 m) prize for their
separate work in economic
governance<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_governance>
.[5] <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom#cite_note-4>

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said Ostrom’s ‘research brought this
topic from the fringe to the forefront of scientific attention’, “by showing
how common resources—forests <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forests>,
fisheries <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries>, oil
fields<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_fields>or grazing
lands <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing_land>, can be managed
successfully by the people who use them, rather than by governments or
private companies”. Ostrom’s work in this regard, challenged conventional
wisdom <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_wisdom>, showing that
common resources can be successfully managed without government
regulation<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_regulation>or
privatization <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization>
.[6]<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom#cite_note-5>

 Ostrom is considered one of the leading scholars in the study of common
pool resources <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_pool_resources>. In
particular, Ostrom’s work emphasizes how humans interact with ecosystems to
maintain long-term sustainable resource yields. Common pool resources
include many forests, fisheries, oil fields, grazing lands, and irrigation
systems. She conducted her field studies on the management of pasture by
locals in Africa and irrigation systems management in villages of western
Nepal. Ostrom’s work has considered how societies have developed diverse
institutional arrangements for managing natural resources and avoiding
ecosystem collapse in many cases, even though some arrangements have failed
to prevent resource exhaustion. Her current work emphasizes the multifaceted
nature of human–ecosystem interaction and argues against any singular
“panacea” for individual social-ecological system problems.[*citation
needed<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed>
*]

Ostrom identifies eight “design principles” of stable local common pool
resource 
management:[4]<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom#cite_note-3>

   1. Clearly defined boundaries (effective exclusion of external unentitled
   parties);
   2. Rules regarding the appropriation and provision of common resources
   are adapted to local conditions;
   3. Collective-choice arrangements allow most resource appropriators to
   participate in the decision-making process;
   4. Effective monitoring by monitors who are part of or accountable to the
   appropriators;
   5. There is a scale of graduated sanctions for resource appropriators who
   violate community rules;
   6. Mechanisms of conflict resolution are cheap and of easy access;
   7. The self-determination of the community is recognized by higher-level
   authorities;
   8. In the case of larger common-pool resources: organization in the form
   of multiple layers of nested enterprises, with small local CPRs at the base
   level.

Source: Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom>
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