permaculture

["Lawrence F. London, Jr." <lfl@intrex.net>]

-------- Original Message --------
Subject: [SANET-MG] Bees Vanish
Date: Tue, 24 Apr 2007 09:13:54 -0400
From: jcummins <jcummins@UWO.CA>
To: SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU

The comment by a Bayer Scientist that CCD continues in France in spite
of a ban on imidacloprid seems disingenuous because the other
neonicotinoid seed treatments are commonly employed. In US and Canada
imidacloprid and other neonicotinoids are used on all major crops
including all of the GM crops and the GM "refuge" areas are also sprayed
with neonicotinoid pesticides to protect the yield on the refuge. The US
NRC report on honey bee decline failed to point out the widespread use
of new insecticides that interfere with bee behavior.
NY times

April 24, 2007
Bees Vanish, and Scientists Race for Reasons
By ALEXEI BARRIONUEVO

BELTSVILLE, Md., April 23 — What is happening to the bees?

More than a quarter of the country’s 2.4 million bee colonies have been
lost — tens of billions of bees, according to an estimate from the
Apiary Inspectors of America, a national group that tracks beekeeping.
So far, no one can say what is causing the bees to become disoriented
and fail to return to their hives.

As with any great mystery, a number of theories have been posed, and
many seem to researchers to be more science fiction than science. People
have blamed genetically modified crops, cellular phone towers and
high-voltage transmission lines for the disappearances. Or was it a
secret plot by Russia or Osama bin Laden to bring down American
agriculture? Or, as some blogs have asserted, the rapture of the bees,
in which God recalled them to heaven? Researchers have heard it all.

The volume of theories “is totally mind-boggling,” said Diana
Cox-Foster, an entomologist at Pennsylvania State University. With
Jeffrey S. Pettis, an entomologist from the United States Department of
Agriculture, Dr. Cox-Foster is leading a team of researchers who are
trying to find answers to explain “colony collapse disorder,” the name
given for the disappearing bee syndrome.

“Clearly there is an urgency to solve this,” Dr. Cox-Foster said. “We
are trying to move as quickly as we can.”

Dr. Cox-Foster and fellow scientists who are here at a two-day meeting
to discuss early findings and future plans with government officials
have been focusing on the most likely suspects: a virus, a fungus or a
pesticide.

About 60 researchers from North America sifted the possibilities at the
meeting today. Some expressed concern about the speed at which adult
bees are disappearing from their hives; some colonies have collapsed in
as little as two days. Others noted that countries in Europe, as well as
Guatemala and parts of Brazil, are also struggling for answers.

“There are losses around the world that may or not be linked,” Dr.
Pettis said.

The investigation is now entering a critical phase. The researchers have
collected samples in several states and have begun doing bee autopsies
and genetic analysis.

So far, known enemies of the bee world, like the varroa mite, on their
own at least, do not appear to be responsible for the unusually high losses.

Genetic testing at Columbia University has revealed the presence of
multiple micro-organisms in bees from hives or colonies that are in
decline, suggesting that something is weakening their immune system. The
researchers have found some fungi in the affected bees that are found in
humans whose immune systems have been suppressed by the Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome or cancer.

“That is extremely unusual,” Dr. Cox-Foster said.

Meanwhile, samples were sent to an Agriculture Department laboratory in
North Carolina this month to screen for 117 chemicals. Particular
suspicion falls on a pesticide that France banned out of concern that it
may have been decimating bee colonies. Concern has also mounted among
public officials.

“There are so many of our crops that require pollinators,” said
Representative Dennis Cardoza, a California Democrat whose district
includes that state’s central agricultural valley, and who presided last
month at a Congressional hearing on the bee issue. “We need an urgent
call to arms to try to ascertain what is really going on here with the
bees, and bring as much science as we possibly can to bear on the problem.”

So far, colony collapse disorder has been found in 27 states, according
to Bee Alert Technology Inc., a company monitoring the problem. A recent
survey of 13 states by the Apiary Inspectors of America showed that 26
percent of beekeepers had lost half of their bee colonies between
September and March.

Honeybees are arguably the insects that are most important to the human
food chain. They are the principal pollinators of hundreds of fruits,
vegetables, flowers and nuts. The number of bee colonies has been
declining since the 1940s, even as the crops that rely on them, such as
California almonds, have grown. In October, at about the time that
beekeepers were experiencing huge bee losses, a study by the National
Academy of Sciences questioned whether American agriculture was relying
too heavily on one type of pollinator, the honeybee.

Bee colonies have been under stress in recent years as more beekeepers
have resorted to crisscrossing the country with 18-wheel trucks full of
bees in search of pollination work. These bees may suffer from a diet
that includes artificial supplements, concoctions akin to energy drinks
and power bars. In several states, suburban sprawl has limited the bees’
natural forage areas.

So far, the researchers have discounted the possibility that poor diet
alone could be responsible for the widespread losses. They have also set
aside for now the possibility that the cause could be bees feeding from
a commonly used genetically modified crop, Bt corn, because the symptoms
typically associated with toxins, such as blood poisoning, are not
showing up in the affected bees. But researchers emphasized today that
feeding supplements produced from genetically modified crops, such as
high-fructose corn syrup, need to be studied.

The scientists say that definitive answers for the colony collapses
could be months away. But recent advances in biology and genetic
sequencing are speeding the search.

Computers can decipher information from DNA and match pieces of genetic
code with particular organisms. Luckily, a project to sequence some
11,000 genes of the honeybee was completed late last year at Baylor
University, giving scientists a huge head start on identifying any
unknown pathogens in the bee tissue.

“Otherwise, we would be looking for the needle in the haystack,” Dr.
Cox-Foster said.

Large bee losses are not unheard of. They have been reported at several
points in the past century. But researchers think they are dealing with
something new — or at least with something previously unidentified.

“There could be a number of factors that are weakening the bees or
speeding up things that shorten their lives,” said Dr. W. Steve
Sheppard, a professor of entomology at Washington State University. “The
answer may already be with us.”

Scientists first learned of the bee disappearances in November, when
David Hackenberg, a Pennsylvania beekeeper, told Dr. Cox-Foster that
more than 50 percent of his bee colonies had collapsed in Florida, where
he had taken them for the winter.

Dr. Cox-Foster, a 20-year veteran of studying bees, soon teamed with
Dennis vanEngelsdorp, the Pennsylvania apiary inspector, to look into
the losses.

In December, she approached W. Ian Lipkin, director of the Greene
Infectious Disease Laboratory at Columbia University, about doing
genetic sequencing of tissue from bees in the colonies that experienced
losses. The laboratory uses a recently developed technique for reading
and amplifying short sequences of DNA that has revolutionized the
science. Dr. Lipkin, who typically works on human diseases, agreed to do
the analysis, despite not knowing who would ultimately pay for it. His
laboratory is known for its work in finding the West Nile disease in the
United States.

Dr. Cox-Foster ultimately sent samples of bee tissue to researchers at
Columbia, to the Agriculture Department laboratory in Maryland, and to
Gene Robinson, an entomologist at the University of Illinois.
Fortuitously, she had frozen bee samples from healthy colonies dating to
2004 to use for comparison.

After receiving the first bee samples from Dr. Cox-Foster on March 6,
Dr. Lipkin’s team amplified the genetic material and started sequencing
to separate virus, fungus and parasite DNA from bee DNA.

“This is like C.S.I. for agriculture,” Dr. Lipkin said. “It is
painstaking, gumshoe detective work.”

Dr. Lipkin sent his first set of results to Dr. Cox-Foster, showing that
several unknown micro-organisms were present in the bees from collapsing
colonies. Meanwhile, Mr. vanEngelsdorp and researchers at the
Agriculture Department lab here began an autopsy of bees from collapsing
colonies in California, Florida, Georgia and Pennsylvania to search for
any known bee pathogens.

At the University of Illinois, using knowledge gained from the
sequencing of the bee genome, Dr. Robinson’s team will try to find which
genes in the collapsing colonies are particularly active, perhaps
indicating stress from exposure to a toxin or pathogen.

The national research team also quietly began a parallel study in
January, financed in part by the National Honey Board, to further
determine if something pathogenic could be causing colonies to collapse.

Mr. Hackenberg, the beekeeper, agreed to take his empty bee boxes and
other equipment to Food Technology Service, a company in Mulberry, Fla.,
that uses gamma rays to kill bacteria on medical equipment and some
fruits. In early results, the irradiated bee boxes seem to have shown a
return to health for colonies repopulated with Australian bees.

“This supports the idea that there is a pathogen there,” Dr. Cox-Foster
said. “It would be hard to explain the irradiation getting rid of a
chemical.”

Still, some environmental substances remain suspicious.

Chris Mullin, a Pennsylvania State University professor and insect
toxicologist, recently sent a set of samples to a federal laboratory in
Raleigh, N.C., that will screen for 117 chemicals. Of greatest interest
are the “systemic” chemicals that are able to pass through a plant’s
circulatory system and move to the new leaves or the flowers, where they
would come in contact with bees.

One such group of compounds is called neonicotinoids, commonly used
pesticides that are used to treat corn and other seeds against pests.
One of the neonicotinoids, imidacloprid, is commonly used in Europe and
the United States to treat seeds, to protect residential foundations
against termites and to help keep golf courses and home lawns green.

In the late 1990s, French beekeepers reported large losses of their bees
and complained about the use of imidacloprid, sold under the brand name
Gaucho. The chemical, while not killing the bees outright, was causing
them to be disoriented and stay away from their hives, leading them to
die of exposure to the cold, French researchers later found. The
beekeepers labeled the syndrome “mad bee disease.”

The French government banned the pesticide in 1999 for use on
sunflowers, and later for corn, despite protests by the German chemical
giant Bayer, which has said its internal research showed the pesticide
was not toxic to bees. Subsequent studies by independent French
researchers have disagreed with Bayer. Alison Chalmers, an
eco-toxicologist for Bayer CropScience, said at the meeting today that
bee colonies had not recovered in France as beekeepers had expected.
“These chemicals are not being used anymore,” she said of imidacloprid,
“so they certainly were not the only cause.”

Among the pesticides being tested in the American bee investigation, the
neonicotinoids group “is the number-one suspect,” Dr. Mullin said. He
hoped results of the toxicology screening will be ready within a month.