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  • From: "Lawrence F. London, Jr." <lfl@intrex.net>
  • To: permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org
  • Subject: [permaculture] International Society for Ecology and Culture - Programmes
  • Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2005 05:32:51 -0400


INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR ECOLOGY AND CULTURE
http://www.isec.org.uk/
Promoting locally based alternatives
to the global consumer culture

The International Society for Ecology and Culture (ISEC) is a non-profit organisation concerned with the protection of both biological and cultural diversity. Our emphasis is on education for action: moving beyond single issues to look at the more fundamental influences that shape our lives. Our activities include:

* Books, reports, conferences and films
* Local, national and international networking.
* Community initiatives.
* Campaigning.

We have worked in more than a dozen countries, from the UK and the USA to Thailand and Bhutan. Our programme in Ladakh, or 'Little Tibet', where we have been running a wide range of 'hands on' projects since 1975, has won international acclaim for countering the negative effects of conventional development in that region. ISEC has now established an 'Ancient Futures Network' to bring together groups and individuals from every corner of the world that are struggling to maintain their cultural integrity in the face of economic globalisation


<http://www.isec.org.uk/articles/bibliography.html>

Annotated Bibliography

I. Traditional Societies, Traditional Wisdom

Highwater, Jamake. 1981. The Primal Mind: Vision and Reality in Indian America. Meridian: New York. This book contrasts the ideals and intellectual aims of Western culture with the lifestyles, attitudes and world views of North American tribal peoples.

King, Franklin H. [1911] 1973. Farmers of Forty Centuries; or, Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea, and Japan. Rodale: Emmaus, Pennsylvania. Description of traditional farming practices that maintained fertility for centuries.

Klee, Gary A. 1980. World Systems of Traditional Resource Management. V.H. Winston and Sons. A survey of traditional cultures and the wide range of cultural practices that led to a balance with their ecosystem.

Mander, Jerry. 1991. In the Absence of the Sacred. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco. A deep look into the struggle of traditional cultures to survive the onslaught of technological progress; also a cogent analysis of the pervasive effects of mega-technology on all of us.

Margolin, Malcolm. 1978. The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco Monterey Bay Area. Heydey Books: Berkeley, California. A description of what life was like before the European invasion of California.

Neihardt, John G. [1932] 1961. Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Ogalala Sioux. University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln. Inside account of the life of a Plains Indian at the turn of the century.

Norberg-Hodge, Helena. 2000. Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh Rider Books: London. A description of one of the last remaining traditional cultures on earth, and the threat posed by rapid modernisation.

Pereira, Winin. 1993. Tending the Earth: Traditional, Sustainable Agriculture in India. Earthcare Books: Bombay, India. A lucid summary of a vast amount of information relating to traditional agriculture in India, showing how it has proved its sustainability over the millennia, and rates high in all aspects of total productivity, self-reliance, diversity and the depth of its indigenous knowledge.

Platteau, J-P. 1991. "Traditional Systems of Social Security and Hunger Insurance: Past Achievements and Modern Challenges." In E.Ahmad, J.Dreze, J.Hills and A.Sen (eds.). Social Security in Developing Countries. Clarendon Press: Oxford. Draws extensively on anthropological studies and on economic reasoning to argue that much can be learned from traditional systems of social security.

Sahlins, Marshall. 1972. Stone Age Economics. Aldine Atherton Inc.: Chicago and New York. Drawing on a wide range of anthropological studies, Sahlins explodes the myth that life for hunter-gatherers was a constant struggle. He also examines exchange relations in pre-industrial society and points out many reasons to challenge the 'naturalness' of today's conceptions of 'economic man'.

Snyder, Gary. 1974. Turtle Island. New Directions: New York; and 1977. The Old Ways: Six Essays. City Light Books: San Francisco; and 1990. The Practice of the Wild. North Point Press: San Francisco. Also many volumes of poetry. An internationally renowned poet and essayist who has written for the last four decades on, among other things, nature, spirituality and the wisdom of tradition.

Wilken, Gene C. 1987. Good Farmers: Traditional Resource Management in Mexico and Central America. University of California Press: Berkeley, California. Researchers are just beginning to grasp the complexity and high degree of integration of social systems and ecosystems in the traditional agricultural systems of Central America. Models for sustainable agriculture.

II. DEBUNKING DEVELOPMENT

Berger, Peter. 1974. Pyramids of Sacrifice. Basic: New York. Berger questions the sacrifice and destruction that has been brought about by both capitalist and communist development, and examines the roots of both systems in modernism.

Bizimana, Nsekuye. 1989. White Paradise, Hell for Africa? Autobiographical account of an East African's encounter and subsequent disillusion with the culture of Western Europe. Out of Print. (Possibly available from the author: Grainauer Str. 13, 1000 Berlin 10, Germany).
Bodley, John H. 1990 (3rd Ed.). Victims of Progress. Mayfield Press: Mountain View, California; and 1976. Anthropology and Contemporary Human Problems. Cummings Press: Menlo Park, California; and 1987. Tribal Peoples and Development Issues. Mayfield: Mountain View, California. Thorough examinations of misconceptions about tribal peoples, and of the destruction wrought on these cultures by contact with the West.

Burns, E. Bradford. 1980. The Poverty of Progress: Latin America in the Nineteenth Century. University of California Press: Berkeley, California. Documents the destruction of traditional cultures in Latin America in the face of the onslaught of ideas and gadgets from the North.

Chossudovsky, Michel. 1997. The Globalisation of Poverty: Impacts of IMF and World Bank Reforms. Zed Books: London and New Jersey, and Third World Network: Penang, Malaysia. A powerful critique of the reforms imposed on 'Third World' and Eastern European countries by the leading international financial institutions, and of the new financial order which, the author argues, feeds on human poverty and environmental degradation, generates social apartheid, encourages racism and ethnic strife, and undermines the rights of women.

Crush, J. (ed.). 1995. Power of Development. Routledge: London. A series of essays revealing the convergence of the feminist, ecological and post-modernist critiques of 'development'.

Escobar, Arturo. 1995. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey. One of Latin America's most ardent and radical critics of development and modernism shows how development policies became mechanisms of control that were just as pervasive and effective as their colonial counterparts. A provocative analysis of development discourse and practice, concluding with a discussion of alternative visions for a post-development era.

George, Susan. 1977. How the Other Half Dies: The Real Reasons for World Hunger. Allanheld Osmun: Montclair, New Jersey; and 1988. A Fate Worse Than Debt. Grove Press: New York; and (with Fabrizio Sabelli). 1994. Faith and Credit: the World Bank's Secular Empire. Penguin Books: London. These books expose the gross inequalities of the current international economic system and the development policies that support it.

Hancock, Graham. 1989. Lords of Poverty: the Power, Prestige and Corruption of the International Aid Business. Atlantic Monthly Press: New York. A searing indictment of "Development, Inc.", this book shows how the prestige, financial rewards and comfortable lifestyle of the 'development class' supercede any true concern for the plight of the world's poor. Indeed, foreign aid to poor countries only serves to foster dependence and perpetuate poverty and injustice.

Hobart, Mark. 1993. An Anthropological Critique of Development. Routledge: London. An interesting insight into how 'development' is so differently perceived by the 'developer' and the 'developed', and how this affects their responses to each other.

Kohr, Leopold. 1973. Development Without Aid: the Translucent Society. Schlocken: New York; and [1962] 1976. The Overdeveloped Nations: the Diseconomies of Scale. Swansea: London. Early and cogent challenges to the growth and development mystiques. Both out of print.

Lappe, Francis Moore, Joseph Collins and Peter Rosset. 1998. World Hunger: 12 Myths. Earthscan: London. Completely revised and updated edition of this classic work. Three of the world's foremost experts on our food system expose and demolish the myths surrounding world hunger.

Lipton, M. 1977. Why Poor People Stay Poor: Urban Bias in World Development. Temple Smith: London. An early and pioneering critique of the urbanising tendencies of the Western model of development; and 1989. (with R. Longhurst). New Seeds and Poor People. Unwin Hyman: London and Boston. Argues that technology alone cannot solve deep-rooted social problems, and can actually exacerbate those problems. Calls for new policies and new research priorities.

Pereira, Winin and Jeremy Seabrook. 1994. Global Parasites: Five hundred years of Western Culture. Earthcare Books: Bombay. From yesterday's conquistadors to today's GATT, from raw military force to the more subtle economic strangulation of the majority world, the west has sought to build up and perpetuate its own parasitic system and its opulence grounded in injustice and unsustainability.

Rahnema, Majid (ed.). 1997. The Post-Development Reader. Zed Books: London and New Jersey. Brings together an exceptionally gifted group of thinkers and activists - from South and North - who are all committed to seeing through the rhetoric of development. Contributors include Arturo Escobar, Gustavo Esteva, Susan George, Ivan Illich, Leopold Kohr, Jerry Mander, Ashis Nandy, Helena Norberg-Hodge, Wolfgang Sachs and Vandana Shiva.

Rich, Bruce. 1994. Mortgaging the Earth: the World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment, and the Crisis of Development. Beacon Press: Boston, and Earthscan: London. An informed critique of the World Bank and its destructive impact on the environment, as well as a questioning of the underlying assumptions and goals of economic development.

Sachs, Wolfgang (ed.). 1992. The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power. Zed Books: London. Calls into question the whole basis of 'development' through a series of essays by leading writers from around the world, including Vandana Shiva, Ashis Nandy, Ivan Illich, Majid Ranemah, Arturo Escobar and Gustavo Esteva; and 1999, Planet Dialectics: explorations in environment and development. Zed Books: London. He confronts the way in which the west undermines both nature and social justice, and in order to protect the biosphere and archive equity between human beings, he demands changes from the global consumer classes.

Shiva, Vandana. 1988. Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Development. Zed Books: London, and St. Martins Press: New York. The women and the land of India bear the costs of destructive and short-sighted development; and 1991. The Violence of the Green Revolution. Zed Books: London, and St. Martins Press: New York. The 'quick-fix' promises of the first Green Revolution had a devastating impact on Indian environment and society, and has led to political instability and ethnic violence; and 1997. Biopiracy: the Plunder of Nature and Knowledge. South End Press: Boston, Massachusetts and (1998) Green Books: Totnes, Devon. Shows how Western powers, following in the footsteps of Columbus, are using patenting and genetic engineering to re-colonise the Third World.
Trainer, Ted. 1989. Developed to Death: Rethinking Third World Development. Green Print: London. A devastating critique of the dominant model of development and a call for a 'green' approach. The author argues that our commitment to affluence, economic growth and 'market economics' are the prime cause of worldwide poverty, scarcity and injustice.

Tuting, Ludmila. 1986. Bikas Binas: Development or Destruction: The Change in Life and Environment of the Himalaya. Geobuch: Munich. Short essays and newspaper clippings on the reality of development in Nepal.

World Bank Watcher. 1997. "From Structural Adjustment to Land Mobilisation to Expropriation: Is Melanesia the World Bank and IMF's Latest Victim? In Midnight Notes, Issue 12, December 1997 (PO Box 204, Jamaica Plain, MA 02130, USA).

III. RETHINKING THE ECONOMIC PARADIGM

Albert, Michael. 1997. Thinking Forward: Learning to Conceptualize Economic Vision. Arbeiter Ring: Winnipeg, Canada. Written by the co-editor and co-founder of Z Magazine, this book provides the tools needed to evaluate competing models for a better economy, while developing a participatory economic vision.

Boulding, Kenneth E. 1978. Ecodynamics: A New Theory of Societal Evolution. Sage Publications: Beverly Hills. A renegade (and ecologically minded) economist's vision of how social and environmental systems interact.

Coote, Belinda (with Caroline LeQuesne). 1996. The Trade Trap: Poverty and the Global Commodity Markets. Oxfam: Oxford. Examines the impact of the global trading system and economic liberalisation on the livelihoods and natural environments of poor countries, and recommends ways in which trade could be regulated to protect their rights.

Daly, Herman E. (ed.). 1973. Toward a Steady State Economy. W.H. Freeman and Co.: San Francisco A collection of essays looking at the problems of economic growth and proposing alternative visions; and 1996. Beyond Growth: the Economics of Sustainable Development. Beacon Press: Boston. Daly continues to argue that sustainable development necessarily means a radical shift from a 'growth' economy to a 'steady-state' economy.

Daly, Herman E., and John B.Cobb, Jr. 1989. For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future. Beacon Press: Boston. An economist and a theologian team up to challenge current economic thinking. They propose protecting people, communities and the environment by increasing local control and restricting international trade.

Douthwaite, Richard. 1993. The Growth Illusion. Council Oak Publishing: Tulsa, Oklahoma, and Green Books: Totnes, Devon. An in-depth look at the notion of infinite economic growth and its costs to the environment and social stability. Suggests alternative economies where resource consumption is kept at sustainable levels.

Ekins, Paul. 1986. The Living Economy: A New Economics in the Making. Routledge and Kegan Paul: New York. This collection of essays from TOES (The Other Economic Summit) critiques the conventional economic paradigm, and presents alternative analyses and visions.

Ekins, Paul, and Manfred Max-Neef (eds.). 1992. Real Life Economics. Routledge: New York. Essays that link economics to the social, environmental and ethical implications of economic activity.

Greider, William. 1997. One World, Ready or Not: the Manic Logic of Global Capitalism. Simon and Schuster: New York. Examines the inherent contradictions and instabilities of the global economy.

Hines, Colin, and Tim Lang. 1993. The New Protectionism: Protecting the Future Against Free Trade. Earthscan: London. Challenges the orthodox view of free trade, analyses the powers behind the calls for free trade, and argues for trade to be put on a very different footing to promote maximum regional self-reliance.

Illich, Ivan. Toward a History of Needs. 1978. Heyday Books: Berkeley. Five essays that explore how industrial growth leads to economic impoverishment in the South and spiritual impoverishment in the North.

Korten, David. 1995. When Corporations Rule the World. Kumarian Press: West Hartford, Connecticut. This already seminal work provides an excellent analysis of corporate rule in the present day global economy, as well as describing the ideology that motivates it. The author's long-time career within the corporate world and with USAID lends his criticism extra potency. A must-read; and 1999. The Post-Corporate World: Life After Capitalism. Kumarian Press: West Hartford. This book looks beyond the dismantling of corporate rule, explaining not only how our economy went wrong, but also how we can change it.

Lutz, Mark A., and Kenneth Lux. 1988. Humanistic Economics: The New Challenge. Bootstrap Press: New York. Challenges the basic assumptions about 'homo economicus' in favour of Gandhian economics.

Mander, Jerry, and Edward Goldsmith (eds.) 2001. The Case Against the Global Economy: and For a Turn Toward the Local. Earthscan: London. An excellent collection of articles that articulate the criticism of 'free trade', high technology, corporate rule and economic 'growth'. The last section contains articles about the various strategies for re-localisation and explores the philosophical underpinnings for such a move.

Martin, Hans-Peter, and Harald Schumann. 1997. The Global Trap: Globalisation and the Assault on Prosperity and Democracy. Zed Books: London and New York. A powerful critique of globalisation but with somewhat less than radical solutions.

Moses, Daniel (ed.). 1993. The Case Against Free Trade. Earth Island Press: San Francisco. Essays countering the myth that 'free trade' will benefit people or the environment.

Myers, Norman. 1998. Perverse Subsidies. International Institute for Sustainable Development: Winnipeg, Canada. A detailed and enlightening analysis of how big business and the global economy are subsidised by taxpayers' money.

Payutto, P.A. 1994. Buddhist Economics: A Middle Way for the Market Place. Buddhadhamma Foundation: Bangkok. A concise explanation of the Buddha's teachings relating to economics and their relevance for today.

Robertson, James. 1989. Future Wealth: A New Economics for the 21st Century. Cassell: London; and 1998. Transforming Economic Life: A Millennial Challenge. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. Calls for a revolution in the way the world thinks about economics and organises economic life, in order to build a new economic order for the 21st century, geared to the real needs of people, as well as of the Earth.

Rowbotham, Michael. 1998. The Grip of Death: A Study of Modern Money, Debt Slavery and Destructive Economics. John Carpenter Publishing: Charlbury, Oxford. Today's money system boils down to institutionalised theft. The author proposes a new mechanism for the supply of money, creating a supportive financial environment and a decreasing reliance on debt.

Schor, Juliet B. 1991. The Overworked American. Basic Books: New York. Explodes the myth of the leisure society, showing that Americans are losing leisure time despite technological advance and material prosperity; and 1998. The Overspent American. Basic Books: New York. An excellent follow-up to the former book, this work analyses the American propensity for consuming - exploring the 'spend' side of the 'work-and-spend' equation.

Wachtel, Paul. 1989. The Poverty of Affluence: A Psychological Portrait of the American Way of Life. New Society: Philadelphia. Shows that material wealth has not brought psychological well-being.

IV. RETHINKING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Bellini, James. 1989. High Tech Holocaust. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco. Carefully researched investigation of the environmental and human health cost of industrial technologies.

Ehrenfeld, David. 1978. The Arrogance of Humanism. Oxford University Press: Oxford and New York. Ehrenfeld questions the hubris of humanism. He examines the modern assumptions of ever-increasing material wealth and ever-greater control of nature through technological progress.

Glendinning, Chellis. 1994. My Name is Chellis and I'm in Recovery from Western Civilization. Shambala: Boston. Points out the many similarities between addictive behaviour and modern society's atachment to technology and progress.

Mander, Jerry. 1978. Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television. Morrow: New York. Insights into the subtle ways television distorts reality and affects us psychologically. Recommended even for those who are already convinced of the negative aspects of television. (Also see In the Absence of the Sacred, in Section I.)

Merchant, Carolyn. 1980. The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution. Harper and Row: New York. The rise in dominance of the mechanistic world-view of modern science was accompanied by the increasing exploitation of nature and the domination of women.

Mumford, Lewis. 1963. Technics and Civilization. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: New York; and 1967. The Pentagon of Power and The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: New York. A history of modern technology and how it has shaped both the external world and human society and culture. Mumford's insights into the powerful force of "technics" are as relevant today as they were in 1934.

Postman, Neil. 1993. Technopoly. Vintage Books: New York. Delineates the effects of technology on culture, showing how modern society has been transformed from a culture that uses technology to one that is dominated by it.

Rifkin, Jeremy. 1983. Algeny. Viking: New York; and 1985 Declaration of a Heretic. Routledge and Kegan Paul: Boston; and 1991. Biosphere Politics. Crown: New York. A plea for caution and humility in scientific research and technological development.

Roszak, Theodore. [1986] 1994. The Cult of Information: A Neo-Luddite Treatise on High-Tech Artificial Intelligence, and the True Art of Thinking. University of California Press: Berkeley, California. This book explores the effects of computer technology upon cognitive processes, pointing out that more information does not necessarily lead to better thinking. On the contrary, the 'data glut' that computers create may actually hinder productivity and sound thought. Most importantly, the book illuminates the stark contrast between the way computers 'think' and the processes taking place within the human brain.

Winner, Langdon. 1986. The Whale and the Reactor. University of Chicago Press: Chicago. Argues against the notion that technologies are neutral, demonstrating that each technology we embrace has social and political implications. One of the best books on the broad impacts of technology on society.

V. ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT PATHS

Ahn, Seung-Joon. 1994. From State to Community: Rethinking South Korean Modernization. Aigis Publications: Littleton, Colorado. A searing attack upon Western-style development, and a weaving of tradition and radical politics into a powerful vision for a new society.

Amin, S. 1990. Delinking: Towards a Polycentric World. Zed Books: London and New Jersey. Argues that 'Third World' countries cannot hope to raise living standards if they continue to adjust their development strategies in line with the trends set by a fundamentally unequal global capitalist system over which they have no control. The only alternative, the author maintains, is for 'Third World' societies to 'delink' from the logic of the global system.

Carmen, Raff. 1996. Autonomous Development: Humanising the Landscape. Zed Books: London and New Jersey. An explosive critique of the dominant top-down and ethnocentric development ideology, and a call for bottom-up development, rooted in people's organisations and the power of culture.

Carr, Marilyn (ed.). 1985. The A.T. Reader: Theory and Practice in Appropriate Technology. The Intermediate Technology Development Group: London. A good introduction to the appropriate technology movement and its writings.

Franke, Richard, and Barbara Chasin. 1989. Kerala: Radical Reform as Development in an Indian State. Institute for Food and Development Policy: Oakland, California. By conventional measures economic growth in Kerala has been very low, but quality of life, as measured by health, longevity, nutrition and literacy, are all high thanks to a policy of targeting basic needs and redistribution.

Goering, Peter and Helena Norberg-Hodge (eds). 1992. The Future of Progress. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. Published in association with ISEC. A collection of essays by international thinkers/activists in development and environment issues. Writers look at the root causes of environmental breakdown in the South, and point to some positive trends.

Macy, Joanna. 1985. Dharma and Development: Religion as Resource in the Sarvodaya Self-help Movement. Kumarian Press: West Hartford, Connecticut. The role of Buddhism and Buddhist monks and nuns in Sri Lanka's Sarvodaya village development movement.

Mies, Maria and Veronica Bennholdt-Thomsen. 1999. The Subsistence Perspective: Beyond the Globalised Economy. Zed Books: London & New York. They explain subsistence as empowerment based on peoples' own strengths and their co-operation which each other and with nature, rather than the endless accumulation of wealth, the aim of the subsistence perspective is happiness, quality of life and human dignity.

Schumacher, E.F. 1973. Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered. Harper and Row: New York, and Blond and Briggs Ltd.: London. This seminal work by the father of the Appropriate Technology movement challenges the assumptions of growth, development and the economic paradigm. Schumacher's vision puts the needs of people before economic efficiency; and 1997. This I Believe and Other Essays. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. A collection of 21 of Schumacher's articles published in Resurgence magazine over a period of 11 years before his death in 1977. A good introduction to the freshness, clarity and profundity of Schumacher's thinking, which has already inspired a generation of critical thinkers.

Trainer, Ted. 1985. Abandon Affluence!. Zed Books: London; and 1996. Towards a Sustainable Economy: the Need for Fundamental Change. Industrial countries must de-develop, and the standard of affluence of the North must be abandoned as a development goal throughout the world.

VI. COMMUNITY, DIVERSITY AND DECENTRALISATION

Bellah, Robert N., et al. 1985. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Harper and Row: London and New York. This sociological study, based on extensive interviews, looks at how individualism and economic rationality affect community in America.

Berg, Peter (ed.). 1978. Reinhabiting a Separate Country: A Bioregional Anthology of Northern California. Planet Drum: San Francisco. An introduction to bioregional thinking from Northern California bioregionalists.

Berry, Wendell. 1975. A Continuous Harmony: Essays Cultural and Agricultural. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: New York; and 1977. The Unsettling of America. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco; and 1987. Home Economics: Fourteen Essays. North Point Press: San Francisco; and 1990. What Are People For? North Point Press: San Francisco; and 1993. Sex, Economy, Freedom & Community. Pantheon: New York. Several of the many books by America's most eloquent and prolific defender of community, traditional rural life and small-scale farming.

Corbett, Michael. 1981. A Better Place to Live: New Designs for Tomorrow's Communities. Rodale: Emmaus, Pennsylvania. Design basis for an innovative solar housing project, called Village Homes, built by Corbett in Davis, California. For more specifics on community layout and house designs, see: Bainbridge, David, Judy Corbett and John Hofacre. 1979. Village Homes' Solar House Design. Rodale: Emmaus, Pennsylvania.

Douthwaite, Richard. 1996. Short Circuit: Strengthening Local Economies for Security in an Unstable World. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. Published in association with ISEC. In the context of an increasingly unstable global economy, this book provides a much-needed study into how communities can build an independent local economy. It details the financial structures necessary for self-reliance, and it describes the techniques already in use in pioneering communities across the industrialised world.

Hannum, Hildegarde. 1997. People, Land and Community. Yale University Press: New Haven and London. A collection of lectures organised by the E.F. Schumacher Society in the US. Some of the most respected authorities in the field discuss the historical, cultural, social, political and economic implications of the degradation of environment and community, and suggest citizen initiatives that may halt it.

Hines, Colin. 2000. Localisation: A Local Manifesto. Earthscan: London. This book is unique in going beyond simply criticising free trade and globalisation trends. It details self-reinforcing policies to create local self-sufficiency and shows clearly that there is an alternative: to protect the local, globally.

Money, Mike (ed.). 1993. Health and Community: Holism in Practice. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. This book focuses on the question, 'what are the conditions necessary for being truly healthy?' and argues that community is an essential requisite. Consists of articles that originally appeared in Resurgence magazine, by such respected writers and thinkers as Gary Snyder, Wendell Berry, William Greider, Johan Galtung, Dr A.T.Ariyaratne and John Lane.

Sale, Kirkpatrick. 1980. Human Scale. Coward, McCann and Geoghegan: New York; and 1985. Dwellers in the Land: The Bioregional Vision. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco. An appeal for smaller scale, decentralisation and the reorganisation of society to better integrate with the natural world and the real needs of humanity.

Shuman, Michael. 1998. Going Local: Creating Self-Reliant Communities in a Global Age. The Free Press: New York. Describes a new economics based on local self-reliance, community control and regional retention of capital. A full quarter of the book is an appendix of community-based activist organisations working towards economic re-localisation.

Van der Ryn, Sim and Peter Calthorpe. 1986. Sustainable Communities. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco. Community design for greater self-reliance.

Vitek, William, and Wes Jackson (eds.). 1996. Rooted in the Land: Essays on Community and Place. Yale University Press: New Haven, Connecticut. A collection of new and classic essays that provide an eloquent defence of community life and practical suggestions for becoming connected to others and native to a place.

VII. NEW DIRECTIONS FOR THE INDUSTRIALISED WORLD

Bahro, Rudolf. 1986. Building the Green Movement. New Society: Philadelphia. Essays from a leading German Green thinker.

Brown, Lester R. 1981. Building a Sustainable Society. W.W. Norton: New York. The founder of the World Watch Institute lays out what he sees as necessary reforms to bring human demands in line with environmental constraints. See also the Worldwatch papers and annual State of the World report.

Dominguez, Joe, and Vicki Robin. 1993. Your Money or Your Life. Penguin: New York. The authors show how decreasing your consumption can increase your quality of life.

Elgin, Duane. 1981. Voluntary Simplicity: Toward a Way of Life That is Outwardly Simple, Inwardly Rich. William Morrow: New York. An exploration of the personal and planetary effects of living a materially-simple lifestyle in industrial society.

Goldsmith, Edward. 1988. The Great U-Turn: Deindustrialising Society. Green Books: Totnes, Devon, and Bootstrap Press: New York. A call for a radical restructuring of modern society from the founder and editor of The Ecologist magazine.

Henderson, Hazel. 1971. Creating Alternative Futures. G.P. Putnams: New York; and 1981. The Politics of the Solar Age. Anchor, Doubleday: New York; and 1991. Paradigms in Progress: Life Beyond Economics. Knowledge Systems, Inc.: Indianapolis; and 1999. Beyond Globalisation: Shaping a sustainable Global Economy. Kumarian Press: West Hartford, Connectticut. An exploration of new directions in economic and political thinking that can help create a more ecologically sound future. Written by one of America's foremost alternative economic thinkers.

Nash, Hugh (ed.). 1981. Progress As If Survival Mattered: A Handbook for a Conserver Society. Friends of the Earth: San Francisco. Policy suggestions to steer society toward a more ecological footing.

Plant, Judith, and Christopher Plant. 1991. Green Business: Hope or Hoax? New Society Publishers: Philadelphia. Some practical ways of supporting local economies, including Community Supported Agriculture, SHARE systems, revolving loans, etc. Case studies of ideas that work.

Porritt, Jonathon. 1985. Seeing Green: The Politics of Ecology Explained. Basil Blackwell: New York. A platform for change from one of England's best-known Greens.

Register, Richard. 1987. Eco-City Berkeley: Building Cities for a Healthy Future. North Atlantic Books: Berkeley, California. Ways to make cities more liveable, and more ecologically sound.

Tokar, Brian. 1987. The Green Alternative: Creating an Ecological Future. R. & E. Miles: San Pedro, California. A comprehensive account of the Green movement in North America.

Ward, Barbara. 1972. Only One Earth: The Care and Maintenance of a Small Planet; and 1979. Progress for a Small Planet. Norton: New York. Visions for a saner way of living, from one of the early leaders of the ecology movement.

VIII. NEW DIRECTIONS FOR AGRICULTURE

Anderson, Luke. 2000. Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. A concise, well-researched guide that answers the questions we should all be asking about genetic engineering in food and farming.

Bove, Jose and Francois Dufour. 2001. The World is Not for Sale: Farmers against Junk Food. Verso: London. They outline the disaster that intensive agriculture has visited on contemporary farming and food, but there is an alternative- a way of farming that treats animals humanly, protects the diversity of wildlife, ensures a reasonable living for farmers, and produces tastier, healthier food. They discuss the principles of sustainable agriculture and show how farmers and consumers can join to make them a reality.

de Selincourt, Kate. 1997. Local Harvest: Delicious Ways to Save the Planet. Lawrence and Wishart: London. Published in association with ISEC. This book takes a look at the astonishing array of benefits that closer farmer-consumer links can bring - both for people and the environment.

Fukuoka, Masanobu. 1978. The One Straw Revolution: An Introduction to Natural Farming; and The Road Back to Nature. Rodale: Emmaus, Pennsylvania. Description of a farming system developed over thirty years that minimises human intervention in the natural order. The former is a classic that has inspired many permaculturists and others.

Goering, Peter, Helena Norberg-Hodge and John Page. 2000. From the Ground Up: Rethinking Industrial Agriculture. Zed Books: London. (revised edition with new Introduction). Published in association with ISEC. A critique of the industrial model of agriculture, and a look at sustainable, ecological alternatives.

Groh, Trauger, and Steven McFadden. 1990. Farms of Tomorrow. Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Association: Kimberton, Pennsylvania. A description of the basic elements of the Community Supported Agriculture approach to preserving small farms, encouraging diversified organic agriculture, and providing fresh wholesome food to consumers.

Jackson, Wes. 1980. New Roots for Agriculture. Friends of the Earth: San Francisco; and (with Wendell Berry) 1984. Meeting the Expectations of the Land: Essays in Sustainable Agriculture. North Point Press: San Francisco; and 1987. Altars of Unhewn Stone: Science and the Earth. North Point Press: San Francisco. Fundamental questioning of the patterns of thinking that underlie modern industrial agriculture, from a researcher who is investigating the possibilities of radical changes in the way we practise agriculture.

Pretty, Jules. 1995. Regenerating Agriculture: Policies and practice for sustainability and self reliance. Joseph Henry Press: Washington, DC. and 1998. The Living Land. Earthscan: London. Shows how sustainable agriculture can work to conserve the soil, wildlife and rural life itself.

Pye-Smith, Charles, and Richard North. 1984. Working the Land: A New Plan for a Healthy Agriculture. Temple Smith: London. Exposition of the ills of English agriculture and the organic alternative.

Shiva, Vandana. 2000. Stolen Harvest: The Hijacking of the Global Food Supply. Zed Books: London. It charts the impacts of globalised, corporate agriculture on small farmers, the environment, and the quality of the food we eat. This is an inspiring book that will shape the debate about GE and commercial agriculture for years to come.

IX. TOWARDS A NEW WORLD-VIEW

Bateson, Gregory. 1979. Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity. Dutton: New York. A systems approach linking psychology and ecology from one of the century's most versatile thinkers.

Berry, Thomas. 1988. The Dream of the Earth. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco. A collection of essays by one of America's most important living ecological thinkers, showing that we in industrial cultures have lost our sensitivity to the full reality of the Earth and Universe. These writings form the philosophical basis for returning our senses to the Earth's natural rhythms.

Capra, Fritjof. 1982. The Turning Point: Science, Society, and the Rising Culture. Bantam Books: New York. This book links the major problems facing the world today to a dangerously narrow world view that has dominated for the last centuries, and outlines a new more holistic paradigm emerging in a variety of domains; and 1996. The Web of Life: a New Synthesis of Mind and Matter. HarperCollins Publishers: London, and Anchor Books: New York. A radical synthesis of such recent scientific breakthroughs as the theory of complexity, Gaia theory, chaos theory and other explanations of the properties of organisms, social systems and ecosystems. A synthesis of the scientific, the philosophical and the spiritual dimensions of systems thinking.

Devall, Bill. 1988. Simple in Means, Rich in Ends: Practicing Deep Ecology. Peregrine Smith Books: Salt Lake City. Thoughts on translating non-anthropocentric world-views into practice.

Devall, Bill, and George Sessions. 1985. Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered. Peregrine Smith Books: Salt Lake City. An exploration of an environmental philosophy that questions the notion that humanity has a privileged place in the global order. It rejects an environmentalism that stops at conservation and management of nature.

Fromm, Erich. 1981. To Have or To Be. Bantam: New York and London. Two modes of existence struggle fiercely for the spirit of mankind: the 'having' mode, dedicated to aggression and material possession, and the 'being' mode, suffused with love, caring and a feeling of sufficiency. One of many insightful books by a prolific author.

Goldsmith, Edward. 1996. The Way: An Ecological World-View. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. (New US edition 1999. University of Georgia Press: Athens, Georgia.) An intellectual tour de force from one of the world's foremost ecological thinkers. Goldsmith argues that the world-view of modern industrial societies is fatally flawed, and that a return to a worldview held in common by all earth-based societies, is a prerequisite to the survival of humanity.

Griffin, David Ray. 1988. The Re-enchantment of Science: Postmodern Proposals. State University of New York Press: Albany, New York. Essays calling for a replacement of modern dualism and reductionism with a more ecological, organismic and ultimately spiritual foundation to scientific inquiry.

Illich, Ivan. 1971. Deschooling Society. Harper and Row: London and New York. A radical critique of school-based education and a call for the replacement of educational 'funnels' with educational 'webs' which would heighten the opportunity for each person to transform each moment of his/her living into one of learning, sharing and caring.

Leopold, Aldo. 1987. A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There. Oxford University Press: Oxford and New York. Eloquent reflections on the beauty of nature and philosophical inquiries into the ethics of modern society's relation to nature. Contains well-known essay on Leopold's proposed land ethic.

Lovelock, James E. 1989. Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. Oxford University Press: Oxford and New York. The first thorough presentation of the biological evidence for considering the earth as an organism capable of reacting to outer stimuli and inner processes in a unified, self-adjusting manner.

McLaughlin, Andrew. 1993. Regarding Nature: Industrialism and Deep Ecology. SUNY Press: Albany, New York. A thought-provoking defence of the philosophy of deep ecology, with exceptional insights into the nature of industrial society.

Naess, Arne. 1989. Ecology, Community and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge and New York. Translated and revised by David Ruthenberg. Deep Ecology from the Norwegian philosopher who first coined the term.

Orr, David. 1992. Ecological Literacy: Education and Transition to the Post-Modern World; and 1994. Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment and the Human Prospect. Island Press: Washington, DC and Covelo, California. The author examines the calamitous 'success' of the industrial economy and of the educational system that subserves it, and offers a manual of ideas and possibilities for those who want to work towards change.

Prigogene, Ilya, and Isabelle Stengers. 1984. Order Out of Chaos: Man's New Dialogue With Nature. Bantam: New York. Chaos and self-organisation as keys to a new conception of nature now emerging from scientific inquiry.

Roszak, Theodore, et al. (eds.) 1995. Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco. A collection of articles that explore the connection between the human psychological condition and our relationship with the natural world. It suggests that not only does our psychology affect the way we interact with nature, but also that our own neuroses and psychoses may be fundamentally tied to our break with the natural world, of which we are a part.

Seed, John, Joanna Macy, Pat Fleming and Arne Naess. 1988. Thinking Like a Mountain: Toward a Council of All Beings. New Society: Philadelphia. Short pieces that try to get the reader to go beyond analytical reason to a more profound level of felt experience of the ecological crisis.

Sessions, George (ed.). 1995. Deep Ecology for the 21st Century. Shambala: Boston and London. A collection of articles by the world's foremost Deep Ecology thinkers, including Arne Naess, Thomas Berry, George Sessions and Gary Snyder.

Shepard, Paul. 1982. Nature and Madness. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco. This seminal work provides a foundation for current ecopsychological thought. It traces current psychological traumas (both individual and collective) back to the agricultural 'revolution' and the foundation of cities, thousands of years ago. It suggests that the domestication of plants and animals coincided with a domestication of the human species, forcing us to live in a social and environmental context that is fundamentally at odds with our own nature.

Tobias, Michael (ed.). 1985. Deep Ecology. Avant Books: San Diego, California. A collection of essays, memoirs and poems on Deep Ecology themes.

Weizsacker, Ernst Ulrich von. 1993. Earth Politics. Zed Books: London. A major work by one of Germany's most eminent environmental thinkers, whose ideas have had a major impact on European environmental policy. He offers a far-reaching vision of what he calls the coming century of the environment, as we move out of the 20th century that has been primarily dominated by economics.

X. SPIRITUAL ROOTS

Badiner, Alan H. 1990. Dharma Gaia: a Harvest of Essays in Buddhism and Ecology. Parallax Press: Berkeley, California. Essays exploring how the holistic view of Buddhism is related to ecological thinking.

Camilleri, Joseph A. and Chandra Muzaffar. 1998. Globalisation: the Perspectives and Experiences of the Religious Traditions of Asia Pacific. International Movement for a Just World: Malaysia. A collection of papers presented at a 1997 conference, examining religious and ethical perspectives and the impact of globalisation upon religious traditions and cultural communities.

Epsteiner, Fred (ed.). 1988. The Path of Compassion: Writings on Socially Engaged Buddhism. Parallax Press: Berkeley, California. Leading Buddhist writers share their views on working for the alleviation of suffering in the world.

George, James. 1995. Asking for the Earth: Waking Up to the Spiritual/Ecological Crisis. Element Books: Shaftesbury, Dorset and Rockport, Massachusetts. A seminal and thought-provoking book by a retired Canadian ambassador with a long-standing commitment to environmental issues. The book argues that the ecological crisis is profoundly indicative of an inner, spiritual crisis, and explores the teachings of some of the most influential spiritual teachers of our century.

Nhat-Hanh, Thich. 1993. Love In Action: Writings on Non-Violent Social Change; and 1987. Being Peace; and 1988. The Heart of Understanding; and 1987. Interbeing: Commentaries on the Tiep Hien Precepts. Parallax Press: Berkeley. Buddhist teachings from a Vietnamese monk who has been practising for decades the teachings of a socially-engaged Buddhism.

Schumacher, E.F. [1977] 1995. A Guide for the Perplexed. Vintage Books: London. A rich store of wisdom and understanding, embedded in the religions of East and West, by the author of Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered. (see Section V.)

Sivaraksa, Sulak. 1992. Seeds of Peace: A Buddhist Vision for Renewing Society. Parallax Press: Berkeley, California. A critique of modern society and a proposal for a more humane and liveable world, by one of Southeast Asia's leading social thinkers and activists.

Spretnak, Charlene. 1986. The Spiritual Dimension of Green Politics. Bear and Co.: Santa Fe. The importance of spiritual wisdom in regaining a more healthy relationship to the Earth.

Watts, Jonathan, Alan Senauke and Santikaro Bhikkhu (eds.). 1997. Entering the Realm of Reality: Towards Dhammic Societies. International Network of Engaged Buddhists: Bangkok. Essays by leading engaged Buddhists from around the globe offering a critique of the current model of society and an alternative vision embedded in Buddhism.

XI. VALUING WOMEN'S VISION

Diamond, Irene, and Gloria F. Orenstein (eds.). 1990. Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco. A diverse collection of essays affirming the importance of women's experience and knowledge in overcoming patriarchy and healing the earth.

Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts. Gilligan exposes the male bias in psychological testing.

Keller, Evelyn Fox. 1985. Reflections on Gender and Science. Yale University Press: New Haven, Connecticut. Essays on how scientific questioning and methods have been shaped by patriarchy and why a feminisation of science is needed.

Mies, Maria, and Vandana Shiva. 1993. Ecofeminism. Zed Books: London and New Jersey. These two internationally respected feminists and environmental activists offer a unique perspective on industrialism and ecological destruction, and a radical alternative vision.

Plant, Judith. 1989. Healing the Wounds: The Promise of Ecofeminism. New Society: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Woman's voice in Nature from a diverse spectrum of writers.

XII. DESIGN AND 'HANDS-ON' SOLUTIONS

Darrow, Ken, and Mike Saxenian. 1986. Appropriate Technology Sourcebook. Volunteers in Asia: Stanford, California. This comprehensive sourcebook catalogues 1,150 publications that are part of VIA's microfiche library. Entries span the range from detailed plans to philosophical pieces. (Available from VIA, PO Box 4543, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Tel 650/326-8581.)

Fairlie, Simon. 1996. Low Impact Development: Planning and People in a Sustainable Countryside. Jon Carpenter Publications: Charlbury, Oxfordshire. Examines Britain's rural planning system from the bottom up, and proposes changes that would enable the planning system to reinvigorate the land-based economy, create a richer and more diverse rural environment, and facilitate the provision of self-built affordable housing.

Jackson, Hildur (ed.). 1999. Creating Harmony: Conflict Resolution in Community. Permanent Publications: Hampshire, England. A very practical book looking at the issue of conflict and conflict resolution within communities and eco-villages. Contributions from many experienced pioneers.

Leckie J., et al. 1981. More Other Homes and Garbage: Designs for Self-Sufficient Living. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco. Practical information for building new ways to live. /p>

Mollison, Bill. 1990. Permaculture: A Practical Guide for a Sustainable Future. Island Press: Covelo, California; also, Permaculture One and Permaculture Two. Design ideas for creating living arrangements that provide a maximum of food, energy and shelter with a minimum of environmental disruption. The Permaculture Bible.

Papanek, Victor. 1972. Design for the Real World: Human Ecology and Social Change. Pantheon: New York; and 1983. Design for Human Scale. Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York. Principles for appropriate design.

Todd, N.J., and J. Todd. 1984. Bioshelters, Ocean Arks, City Farming: The Ecological Basis of Design. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco. A book on designing technology that harmonises with nature rather than dominates it, from the founders of the New Alchemy Institute.

Uphoff, Norman. 1992. Learning from Gal Oya: Possibilities for Participatory Development and Post Newtonian Social Science. Cornell University: Ithaca, New York. A unique observation of the outcomes of farmer organisation in Sri Lanka and a song in praise of the power of systems thinking.

XIII. OBSTACLES AND RESISTANCE STRATEGIES

Edwards, David. 1995. Free To Be Human: Intellectual Self-Defence in an Age of Illusions. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. (US version 1996. Burning All Illusions. South End Press: Boston, Massachusetts.) Shows how powerful state and business interests distort our understanding of many political, ethical and spiritual issues, ensuring that we remain passive, conformist and uninformed; and 1998. The Compassionate Revolution. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. Shows how the capitalist system is dependent on the promotion of the three Buddhist 'poisons' of Greed, Hatred and Ignorance, and argues that the antidote to exploitative social systems is rational awareness rooted in unconditional kindness and compassion.

Lasn, Kalle. 2000. The Uncooling of America. Eagle Brook: New York. A hand-book for 'culture-jammers' from the founder and editor of Adbusters magazine, mapping out the mental environment in corporate America and laying out the possibilities for the re-emergence of a revolutionary oppositional culture that could change the world!

Rowell, Andrew. 1996. Green Backlash: Global Subversion of the Environment Movement. Routledge: London and New York. A controversial exposŽ of anti-environmentalism, tracing its rise in the USA and its rapid global spread. Reveals the horrific extent to which right-wing politicians and transnational corporations will go to continue profiting from human misery and environmental destruction.

Starr, Emory. 2000. Naming the Enemy: Anti-corporate Movements Confront Globalisation. Zed Books: London. This is the first systematic documentation of the international resistance to transnational corporations and globalisation that has so recently burst into the public gaze with the street protests in Seattle, Washington, London and Prague.

XIV. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

Bookchin, Murray. 1982. The Ecology of Freedom. Cheshire Books: Palo Alto, California; and 1987. The Rise of Urbanization and the Decline of Citizenship. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco; and 1990. Remaking Society: Pathways to a Green Future. South End Press: Boston. The leading voice for social ecology, and an influential American Green thinker.

Ellul, Jacques. 1964. The Technological Society. Random House: New York. (Translated from the original 1954 French version). A somewhat difficult-to-read classic on the continued incursion of technical rationality into all phases of life in industrial civilisation.

Polanyi, Karl. [1944] 1957. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Beacon Press: Boston. A historical perspective on the sweeping changes brought by the reorganisation of society around markets.

Von Laue, Theodore. 1987. The World Revolution of Westernisation. Oxford University Press: Oxford and New York. Westernisation and attempts at countering Westernising influences are the central themes in this history of the twentieth century.

RELATED FICTION

Achebe, Chinua. 1959. Things Fall Apart. Fawcett Crest: New York; and 1960. No Longer at Ease. Astor-Honor: New York. Novels set in the Ibo country of Nigeria during the colonial period.

Callenbach, Ernest. 1975. Ecotopia. Banyan Tree Books: Berkeley, California; and 1981. Ecotopia Emerging. Banyan Tree Books: Berkeley. Fictionalised speculation on ecologically-sound utopia.

Kane, Hamidou. 1963. Ambiguous Adventure. Heinemann: Oxford. An autobiographical novel of a West African caught between his traditional culture and the soulless materialism of the West.

LeGuin, Ursula. [1985] 1987. Always Coming Home. Bantam: New York and London. A novel of ecotopia in a future/past by the well-known science fiction writer.

Nichols, John. 1974. The Milagro Beanfield War. Holt Rinehart and Winston: New York. Fictionalised account of community resistance to development in the American Southwest.

Sembene, O. 1970. God's Bits of Wood. Anchor Books: Garden City, New Jersey. Translated by Francis Pierce. Fiction set in West African villages.

RECOMMENDED HIGHLIGHTS

Douthwaite, Richard. 1996. Short Circuit: Strengthening Local Economies for Security in an Unstable World. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. Published in association with ISEC.

Edwards, David. 1995. Free To Be Human: Intellectual Self-Defence in an Age of Illusions. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. (US version 1996. Burning All Illusions. South End Press: Boston, Massachusetts.

Goering, Peter, Helena Norberg-Hodge and John Page. 2001. From the Ground Up: Rethinking Industrial Agriculture. Zed Books: London. Published in association with ISEC.

Goldsmith, Edward. 1996. The Way: An Ecological World-View. Themis Books: Totnes, Devon. (New US edition 1999. University of Georgia Press: Athens, Georgia.)

Korten, David. 1995. When Corporations Rule the World. Kumarian Press: West Hartford, Conn.

Mander, Jerry, and Edward Goldsmith (eds.) 2001. The Case Against the Global Economy: and For a Turn Toward the Local. Earthscan: London.

Mies, Maria, and Vandana Shiva. 1993. Ecofeminism. Zed Books: London and New Jersey.

Money, Mike (ed.). 1993. Health and Community: Holism in Practice. Green Books: Totnes, Devon.

Norberg-Hodge, Helena. 2000. Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh. Rider Books: London.

Orr, David. 1994. Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment and the Human Prospect. Island Press: Washington, DC and Covelo, California.

Rahnema, Majid (ed.). 1997. The Post-Development Reader. Zed Books: London and New Jersey.

Schumacher, E.F. 1973. Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered. Harper and Row: New York, and Blond and Briggs Ltd.: London.

Winner, Langdon. 1986. The Whale and the Reactor. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.





  • [permaculture] International Society for Ecology and Culture - Programmes, Lawrence F. London, Jr., 09/26/2005

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