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  • From: "TradingPostPaul" <tradingpost@riseup.net>
  • To: livingontheland@lists.ibiblio.org
  • Subject: [Livingontheland] The Great Biofuel Hoax
  • Date: Tue, 26 Jun 2007 12:36:02 -0600


All the predictions we made about biofuels are coming true now, but it's a
lot worse than we thought.

paul tradingpost@lobo.net
------------------------------------------

http://www.alternet.org/environment/54218/
The Great Biofuel Hoax
By Eric Holt-Gimenez, Indypendent
Posted on June 25, 2007, Printed on June 25, 2007

For an alternative viewpoint on corn-based ethanol, read "David Morris's
Give Ethanol a Chance: The Case for Corn-Based Fuel."

Biofuels invoke an image of renewable abundance that allows industry,
politicians, the World Bank, the United Nations and even the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to present fuel from corn,
sugarcane, soy and other crops as a replacement for oil that will bring
about a smooth transition to a renewablefuel economy.

Myths of abundance divert attention from powerful economic interests that
benefit from this biofuels transition, avoiding discussion of the growing
price that citizens of the global South are beginning to pay to maintain
the consumptive oil-based lifestyle of the North. Biofuel mania obscures
the profound consequences of the industrial transformation of our food and
fuel systems -- the agro-fuels transition.

The Agro-fuels Boom

Industrialized countries have unleashed an "agro-fuels boom" by mandating
ambitious renewable fuel targets. Renewable fuels are to provide 5.75
percent of Europe's transport fuel by 2010, and 10 percent by 2020. The
U.S. goal is 35 billion gallons a year. These targets far exceed the
agricultural capacities of the industrial North. Europe would need to use
70 percent of its farmland for fuel.

The United States' entire corn and soy harvest would need to be processed
as ethanol and biodiesel. Northern countries expect the global South to
meet their fuel needs, and southern governments appear eager to oblige.
Indonesia and Malaysia are rapidly cutting down forests to expand oil-palm
plantations targeted to supply up to 20 percent of the European Union
biodiesel market. In Brazil -- where fuel crops already occupy an area the
size of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg and Great Britain combined --
the government is planning a fivefold increase in sugar cane acreage with a
goal of replacing 10 percent of the world's gasoline by 2025.

The rapid capitalization and concentration of power within the agro-fuels
industry is breathtaking. From 2004 to 2007, venture capital investment in
agro-fuels increased eightfold. Private investment is swamping public
research institutions, as evidenced by BP's recent award of half a billion
dollars to the University of California. In open defiance of national
anti-trust laws, giant oil, grain, auto and genetic engineering
corporations are forming powerful partnerships: ADM with Monsanto, Chevron
and Volkswagen, BP with DuPont and Toyota. These corporations are
consolidating research, production, processing and distribution chains of
our food and fuel system under one colossal, industrial roof.

Agro-fuel champions assure us that because fuel crops are renewable, they
are environmentally friendly and can reduce global warming, fostering rural
development. But the tremendous market power of agro-fuel corporations,
coupled with weak political will of governments to regulate their
activities, is a recipe for environmental disaster and increasing hunger in
the global South. It's time to examine the myths fueling this biofuel boom
-- before it's too late.

Myth #1: Agro-fuels are clean and green

Because photosynthesis from fuel crops removes greenhouse gases from the
atmosphere and can reduce fossil fuel consumption, we are told fuel crops
are green. But when the full "life cycle" of agro-fuels is considered --
from land clearing to automotive consumption -- the moderate emission
savings are undone by far greater emissions from deforestation, burning,
peat drainage, cultivation and soil carbon losses. Every ton of palm oil
produced results in 33 tons of carbon dioxide emissions -- 10 times more
than petroleum. Clearing tropical forests for sugarcane ethanol emits 50
percent more greenhouse gases than the production and use of the same
amount of gasoline.

There are other environmental problems as well. Industrial agro-fuels
require large applications of petroleum-based fertilizers, whose global use
has more than doubled the biologically available nitrogen in the world,
contributing heavily to the emission of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas 300
times more potent than carbon dioxide.

To produce a liter of ethanol takes three to five liters of irrigation
water and produces up to 13 liters of waste water. It takes the energy
equivalent of 113 liters of natural gas to treat this waste, increasing the
likelihood that it will simply be released into the environment. Intensive
cultivation of fuel crops also leads to high rates of erosion.

Myth #2: Agro-fuels will not result in deforestation

Proponents of agro-fuels argue that fuel crops planted on ecologically
degraded lands will improve, rather than destroy, the environment. Perhaps
the government of Brazil had this in mind when it re-classified some 200
million hectares of dry tropical forests, grassland and marshes as
"degraded" and apt for cultivation. In reality, these are the bio-diverse
ecosystems of the Mata Atlantica, the Cerrado and the Pantanal, occupied by
indigenous people, subsistence farmers and extensive cattle ranches.

The introduction of agro-fuel plantations will simply push these
communities to the "agricultural frontier" of the Amazon where
deforestation will intensify. Soybeans supply 40 percent of Brazil's
biodiesel. NASA has positively correlated their market price with the
destruction of the Amazon rainforest -- currently at nearly 325,000
hectares a year.

Myth #3: Agro-fuels will bring rural development

In the tropics, 100 hectares dedicated to family farming generates 35 jobs.
Oil palm and sugarcane provide 10 jobs, eucalyptus two and soybeans just
one half-job per 100 hectares, all poorly paid. Until this boom, agro-fuels
primarily supplied local markets, and even in the United States, most
ethanol plants were small and farmer-owned. Big Oil, Big Grain and Big
Genetic Engineering are rapidly consolidating control over the entire
agro-fuel value chain.

The market power of these corporations is staggering: Cargill and ADM
control 65 percent of the global grain trade, Monsanto and Syngenta a
quarter of the $60 billion gene-tech industry. This market power allows
these companies to extract profits from the most lucrative and low-risk
segments of the value chain -- hundreds of thousands of small farmers have
already been displaced by soybean plantations in South America.

Myth #4: Agro-fuels will not cause hunger

Hunger, said Amartya Sen, results not from scarcity, but poverty. According
to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, there is enough food in the
world to supply everyone with a daily 3,500-calorie diet of grains, fresh
fruit, nuts, vegetables, dairy and meat.

Nonetheless, because they are poor, 824 million people continue to go
hungry. If current trends continue, some 1.2 billion people could be
chronically hungry by 2025 -- 600 million more than previously predicted.
World food aid will not likely come to the rescue because surpluses will go
into our gas tanks. What is urgently needed is massive transfers of
food-producing resources to the rural poor, not converting land to fuel
production.

Myth #5: Better "second-generation" agrofuels are just around the corner

Proponents of agro-fuels argue that current agro-fuels made from food crops
will soon be replaced with environmentally friendly crops like fast-growing
trees and switchgrass. This myth, wryly referred to as the "bait and
switchgrass" shell game, makes food-based fuels socially acceptable.

The agro-fuel transition transforms land use on a massive scale, pitting
food production against fuel production for land, water and resources. The
issue of which crops are converted to fuel is irrelevant. Wild plants
cultivated as fuel crops won't have a smaller "environmental footprint."
They will rapidly migrate from hedgerows and woodlots onto arable lands to
be intensively cultivated like any other industrial crop, with all the
associated environmental externalities.

Agro-fuel: a new industrial revolution?

The International Energy Agency estimates that over the next 23 years, the
world could produce as much as 147 million tons of agro-fuel. This will be
accompanied by a lot of carbon, nitrous oxide, erosion and more than two
billion tons of waste water. Remarkably, this fuel will barely offset the
yearly increase in global oil demand, now standing at 136 million tons a
year -- not offsetting any of the existing demand.

The agro-fuel transition is based on a 200-year relation between
agriculture and industry that began with the Industrial Revolution. The
invention of the steam engine promised an end to drudgery. As governments
privatized common lands, dispossessed peasants supplied cheap farm and
factory labor. Cheap oil and petroleum- based fertilizers opened up
agriculture itself to industrial capital.

Mechanization intensified production, keeping food prices low and industry
booming. The last 100 years have seen a threefold global shift to urban
living with as many people now living in cities as in the countryside. The
massive transfer of wealth from agriculture to industry, the
industrialization of agriculture, and the rural-urban shift are all part of
the "agrarian transition," transforming most of the world's fuel and food
systems and establishing non-renewable petroleum as the foundation of
today's multi-trilliondollar agri-foods industry.

The pillars of this agri-foods industry are the great grain corporations,
including ADM, Cargill and Bunge. They are surrounded by an equally
formidable consolidation of agro-chemical, seed and machinery companies on
the one hand and food processors, distributors and supermarket chains on
the other.

Like the original agrarian transition, the present agro-fuels transition
will "enclose the commons" by industrializing the remaining forests and
prairies of the world. It will drive the planet's remaining smallholders,
family farmers and indigenous peoples to the cities. This
government-industry collusion has the potential to funnel rural resources
to urban centers in the form of fuel, concentrating industrial wealth. But
this time, there is no cheap fuel to drive industrial expansion and there
will be no jobs for the masses of people displaced from the countryside.
Millions of people may be pushed farther into poverty.

Building Food and Fuel Sovereignty

The agro-fuels transition is not inevitable. There is no inherent reason to
sacrifice sustainable, equitable food and fuel systems to industry. Many
successful, locally focused, energyefficient and people-centered
alternatives are presently producing food and fuel in ways that do not
threaten food systems, the environment or livelihoods.

The question is not whether ethanol and biodiesel have a place in our
future, but whether or not we allow a handful of global corporations to
impoverish the planet and the majority of its people. To avoid this trap we
must promote a steady-state agrarian transition built on re-distributive
land reform that re-populates and stabilizes the world's struggling rural
communities. This includes rebuilding and strengthening our local food
systems and creating conditions for the local re-investment of rural
wealth. Putting people and environment -- instead of corporate megaprofits
-- at the center of rural development requires food sovereignty: the right
of people to determine their own food systems.

Eric Holt-Giménez is the executive director of Food First/Institute for
Food and Development Policy, Foodfirst.org.

© 2007 Independent Media Institute. All rights reserved.





  • [Livingontheland] The Great Biofuel Hoax, TradingPostPaul, 06/26/2007

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