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  • From: Alder Burns <adiantum61@yahoo.com>
  • To: "permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org" <permaculture@lists.ibiblio.org>
  • Subject: Re: [permaculture] permaculture Digest Mon, 15 Dec 2025 (1/1)
  • Date: Thu, 18 Dec 2025 01:26:24 +0000 (UTC)

I want to change the email to which I receive these group messages to blewit1996@proton.me  I will be closing out this yahoo account soon.
                               Thanks...


On Monday, December 15, 2025 at 11:00:28 AM CST, permaculture-request@lists.ibiblio.org <permaculture-request@lists.ibiblio.org> wrote:


permaculture digest Mon, 15 Dec 2025

Table of contents:

* 1 - [permaculture] Warichi - Wikipedia - Lawrence London

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Message-ID:
<CA+j2Q+BMAL-2CHjKALs+4CMDkAtnFExtLW4cSs0JB1AgRcpb=Q@mail.gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Dec 2025 19:18:16 -0500
From: Lawrence London <lfljvenaura@gmail.com>
Subject: [permaculture] Warichi - Wikipedia

Warichi - Wikipedia

communal ownership of land
common land

long practiced in some areas of Mexico

*Warichi* or wari-chi, literally "dividing the land", is the process of
land redistribution practices of arable land
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land> and communal management that
become common during the early modern era (seventeenth to
nineteenth-century) in Japan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan>. It was
often used as means of spread the impact of flooding in villages that
suffered from flood hazards. The practice continued into at least the 1980s
by tenant unions. It is an _expression_ of and an important influence upon
the make up of Japanese society

Villages which practiced warichi periodically reassigned lands to local
farmers. The process used unbiased and random techniques, including lottery
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottery> groups (kuji kumi), to ensure that
all families would receive a similar proportion of good and marginal lands.
Families were then allowed to dispose of their rights as they saw fit, e.g.
buy, sell, rent, bequeath <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bequeath> or
inherit. The cultivation rights were equivalent to stock shares in a
village agricultural corporation. Preparatory surveys for this
redistribution could take months.

Some land was excluded from the process, and might be given to village or
district officials, or allowed to lie fallow
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period> period, other land of minimal
use, such as a mountain or an island, was saved for individuals facing
unforeseeable circumstances and in this way, the system worked as an
insurance policy for villagers.[2]

Landed was not distributed on a per capita
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita> basis but had alternative social
functions such as, e.g. controlling risk, providing incentives to encourage
participating in other village projects, reducing social conflict,
maximizing tax payment. The system was seen to have worked most effectively
where they were locally implemented rather than when local government
administrators attempted to force them.[3]

The system declined due to new laws in modern Japan encouraging the
privatization of arable land.


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End of permaculture Digest Mon, 15 Dec 2025



  • Re: [permaculture] permaculture Digest Mon, 15 Dec 2025 (1/1), Alder Burns, 12/17/2025

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