permaculture

[Lawrence London <lfljvenaura@gmail.com>]

More on soil health:

Glomalin:
Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon -
ARS Bulletin
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/sep02/soil0902.htm
From: "ARS News Service" <isnv@ars-grin.gov>
To: "ARS News List" <ars-news@ars-grin.gov>
Subject: High CO2 Stimulates Soil-Building "Glue"
Date: Wed, Aug 11, 1999, 11:03 AM
High CO2 Stimulates Soil-Building "Glue"
ARS News Service
Agricultural Research Service, USDA
Don Comis, (301) 504-1625, dcomis@asrr.arsusda.gov
August 12, 1999
"In the first examination of the effects of high atmospheric carbon dioxide
levels on soil structure, an Agricultural Research Service scientist and
cooperators found that the gas stimulates soil-dwelling fungi to produce
more of a unique protein that greatly amplifies a soil's ability to store
carbon.
The study's results are described in a letter published in the August 12
issue of Nature magazine. One of the letter's authors, ARS soil scientist
Sara F. Wright, previously discovered the protein and named it glomalin.
She suspects it may be the primary glue that holds soil together. Now it
appears that a little of this glue goes a long way toward helping soils
keep carbon out of the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide.
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/sep02/soil0902.htm
Glomalin: Hiding Place for a Third of the World's Stored Soil Carbon
A sticky protein seems to be the unsung hero of soil carbon storage.
Until its discovery in 1996 by ARS soil scientist Sara F. Wright, this soil
"super glue" was mistaken for an unidentifiable constituent of soil organic
matter. Rather, it permeates organic matter, binding it to silt, sand, and
clay particles. Not only does glomalin contain 30 to 40 percent carbon, but
it also forms clumps of soil granules called aggregates. These add
structure to soil and keep other stored soil carbon from escaping.
As a glycoprotein, glomalin stores carbon in both its protein and
carbohydrate (glucose or sugar) subunits. Wright, who is with the
Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland, thinks
the glomalin molecule is a clump of small glycoproteins with iron and other
ions attached. She found that glomalin contains from 1 to 9 percent tightly
bound iron."

<>

Chitin:
http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/orgfarm/mycology/chitin.txt
Date:         Fri, 11 May 2001 08:18:07 -0500
Sender:       Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group
<SANET-MG@LISTS.IFAS.UFL.EDU>
From:         "Wilson, Dale" <WILSONDO@PHIBRED.COM>
Subject:      Chitin in laymans terms
"Two basic strategies for mechanical support are found among living things,
bones/muscles and tough, hard shells.  Plants, fungi, insects, spiders, and
crustaceans (including lots of tiny, tiny soil creatures) have shells or
cell walls.  Most of these exoskeletons and walls are made of sugar
molecules spun together to make long chains.  The sugar molecules are
connected by a kind of linkage or bond that is very resistant to breakdown
(unlike starch, which is easily broken into sugar). The plants make cell
walls mainly out of cellulose, the main constituent of cotton and wood.
The animals (and most fungi) that make cell walls and exoskeletons make
them out of a substance very similar to cellulose called chitin, also
fiberous and hard to break down.  It is almost identical chemically to
cellulose, except the sugar molecules have an amino group (contains N)
stuck on the side.
The fact that chitin contains all this nitrogen has important
implications ecologically.  Nitrogen is a scarce resource in most systems
(well, not if you apply 200 lb/a!), and chitin is an important source of N,
and sugar in many systems.  There has been great pressure for the evolution
of organisms that can exploit this resource.  In soils with a large
currency of chitin (soils with a lot of fungi) there are also many
organisms that eat chitin for breakfast.  In such situations, chitin is
less effective as armor plate. It so happens that nematodes use chitin as
armor plate, and of course most fungi do to.  Soil with a high rate of
formation and breakdown of chitin is less hospitable to nematodes and
fungi.  Flora must spend more energy
defending itself.  Plants have ways of exploiting this situation at the
root/soil interface.  It is all wonderfully complex and, well, miraculous
(also very violent on a tiny scale)."
Dale

<>

VAMs, phosphorous, clover, formononetin & Myconate:
Subject:     Re: [SANET-MG] Soil solution concentrations of phosphorus
Date:     Wed, 29 Dec 2010 13:08:10 -0500
From:     Beginning Farmers <beginningfarmers@gmail.com>
To:     Sustainable Agriculture Network Discussion Group
<SANET-MG@lists.ifas.ufl.edu>

"Based on this result it was postulated that the plants were actually
sending out a 'signal' when they were under P stress that 'told' the
mycorrhizae 'we need help'. Another researcher, Muralee Nair, was able to
isolate a compound called formononetin - an isoflavanoid (think soybeans)
that was responsible for the signal. Formononetin was present in such small
quantities that Nair didn't believe the results at first. But after
isolating and synthesizing the compound, he consistently got significant
increases in not only mycorrhizal colonization but also rhizobial
nodulation (associated with nitrogen fixation) in legumes. You can get the
paper for free here:"
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1991.tb00568.x/abstract

fungi-mycorrhizae.faq
http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/orgfarm/mycology/fungi-mycorrhizae.faq

mycology
http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/orgfarm/mycology/

History of biointensive, regenerative agriculture & soil quality
information:

The work of Bargyla Rateaver:

Organic Method Primer Update: A Practical Explanation : the How and Why for
the Beginner and the Experience
by Bargyla Rateaver, Gylver Rateaver
Book - January 1993

A Condensation of Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening
A Condensation of Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening (1st Edition)
by Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, Bargyla Rateaver (Editor), Gylver Rateaver (Editor)
Book - January 1973

<>

The Work of Carey Reams:

Carey A. Reams (1903-1985) was a man ahead of his time. Trained in
mathematics, biophysics, and biochemistry he made many discoveries in
the fields of human health, plant growth, energetics, animal health, and
soil restoration. These findings were later codified in an overall view
of life and energy known as Reams Biological Theory of Ionization (RBTI).

Insect, weed and disease resistance in plants that have a high Brix
reading and are nutrient dense.

High Brix Farming and Gardening
Nutrient Dense Food
(this is now a popular trend guiding grocery shoppers to higher quality
produce - Whole Foods now features certain fruits and vegetables that
they advertise as being "nutrient dense")

And the contribution of Acres USA again:
http://www.crossroads.ws/brixbook/BBook.htm#DR.%20CAREY%20REAMS
"Whatever the answer to those questions, it is known that he created a
bombshell in the early 1970’s when he, refractometer in hand, walked
into the office of ACRES USA and placed a simple chart on the editor’s
desk. That chart correlated brix numbers with four general quality
levels for most fruits and vegetables. Copied innumerous times, it has
made its way around the world over and over."

Reams Biological Theory of Ionization
Understand what health is and what it means.
Understand levels of body chemistry using urine and saliva.
Understand the proper relationship of mental and spiritual aspects of
health relating to body chemistry.

"As a mathematical genius Reams was very familiar with Einstein's energy
equation and understood its significance. During his many years of
friendship with Albert Einstein he once chided him saying 'you know how
to take matter apart but you don't know how to put it back together
again.' Einstein immediately shot back that figuring out how to do that
was a job for Reams."

And a nice discovery:
Free PDF Search Engine
http://www.pdfgeni.com/
http://www.pdfgeni.com/book/carey-reams-pdf.html
# Carey Reams in Usenet newsgroup archives at Google Groups
# Carey Reams' Testing & Evaluation Methods, February 2007 • Vol. 37,
No. 2 Acres USA article by Arden Anderson
http://www.acresusa.com/toolbox/reprints/Feb07_ReamsTesting_andersen.pdf
# PHOSPHATE By Dr. Carey A. Reams The factor which determines the ...
http://www.proactiveag.com/upload/Phosphate%20-%20Dr.%20Carey%20Reams.pdf

<>

The work of Rex Harrill:

USING A REFRACTOMETER TO TEST THE QUALITY OF FRUITS & VEGETABLES
Copyright 1994, 1998 by Rex Harrill
PUBLISHED BY PINEKNOLL PUBLISHING
P 0 BOX 6, KEEDYSVILLE, MD 21756
PH/FAX 301-432-2979 Cell phone 301-992-2979
http://www.crossroads.ws/brixbook/BBook.htm

The Quest for Nutrient-Dense Food: High-Brix Farming and Gardening
Jun 9, 2009 ... Suze Fisher interviews Rex Harrill on high-brix farming
and gardening.
www.westonaprice.org/The-Quest-for-Nutrient-Dense-Food-High-Brix-Farming-and-Gardening.html
(link is 404)
Weston Price interview with Rex Harrill.
http://www.westonaprice.org/farming/nutrient-dense.html
(also 404)

<>

Dr. Ana Primavesi
(nutrient and microbial balances). Steve Diver summarized her work:
http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/4/msg00085.html
-
This particular archive contains much useful information. It is made up
of posts to sanet, permaculture and other forums over the years.
You can browse summaries of the archives containing the individual
posts or download each complete archive in plain text format containing
all the messages in no particular order.

<>

Soil Foodweb, Inc.
Elaine Ingham
soilfoodweb@aol.com
Soil Foodweb Approach
http://www.soilfoodweb.com/sfi_approach1.html
Soil Foodweb Oregon, LLC
635 SW Western Blvd, Corvallis OR 97333
tel: 541 - 752 - 5066 fax: 541 - 752 - 5142
info@oregonfoodweb.com
soilfoodweb@AOL.COM

<>

Summaries of selected online resources:
---------------------------------------
Compost Tea, Soil Foodweb, Soil Quality Discussion
Archive 1
http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/1/maillist.html
Archive 2
http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/2/maillist.html
Archive 3
http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/3/maillist.html
Archive 4
http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/4/maillist.html
Archive 5
http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/5/maillist.html

Each archive as downloadable individual text files:
---------------------------------------------------
  CompostTea+NOSB-SanetMGThread
      03-Jul-2008 16:44  2.1M
http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/mailboxfiles/CompostTea+NOSB-SanetMGThread
[   ] CompostTea+SoilFoodWeb
          03-Jul-2008 16:44  1.4M
http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/mailboxfiles/CompostTea+SoilFoodWeb
[   ] CompostTea-SoilFoodweb
          03-Jul-2008 16:47  4.8M
http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/mailboxfiles/CompostTea-SoilFoodweb
[   ] Composttea&Soilfoodweb-2
          03-Jul-2008 16:43  182K
http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/mailboxfiles/Composttea&Soilfoodweb-2
[   ] compost+soilfoodweb-sanetdiscussion
          03-Jul-2008 16:43  848K
http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/SoilWiki/message-archives/composttea+soilfoodweb+soilquality/mailboxfiles/compost+soilfoodweb-sanetdiscussion

Other useful information:
-------------------------

Soils In Biological Agriculture
http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/permaculture/mailarchives/discussion-threads/soil-quality

Remineralize the Earth
http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/orgfarm/remineralization/remineralization.selected-writings


Also, regarding soil pH, Elaine Ingham of Soil Foodweb, Inc writes:
"It is the biology in the soil that determines soil pH.
<...>
Until the habitat in the soil is changed so that beneficial bacteria
and fungi are selected for by the soil environment, low pH problems
will eternally haunt you. Constructing your beds using a spade or digging
fork and a digging spade
will allow you to retain a much higher percentage of the established
colonies of these organisms."
<>
categories of soil inhabitants
(unicellular and multicellular)
Bacteria
Fungi
Algae
Protozoa
Nematodes
Microarthropods
Enchytraeids
Earthworms
Ants, termites, spiders
Mollusks
Others: rodents, snakes, voles, amphibians, dung beetles, fire ants, moles,
armadillos,
gophers
Actinomycetes:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/4401/actinomycete
"any member of a heterogeneous group of gram-positive, generally anaerobic
bacteria noted for a filamentous
and branching growth pattern that results, in most forms, in an extensive
colony, or mycelium. The mycelium
in some species may break apart to form rod- or coccoid-shaped forms. Many
genera also form spores; the sporangia,
or spore cases, may be found on aerial hyphae, on the colony surface, or
free within the environment.
Motility, when present, is conferred by flagella. Many species of
actinomycetes occur in soil and are harmless to
animals and higher plants, while some are important pathogens, and many
others are beneficial sources of antibiotics.
-
What do bacteria do in soil:
Colonize aerobic and anaerobic environments
Decompose labile substrates
Mediate redox transformations
Nourish bacterivores
Fix N
-
What Fungi Do in the Soil:
Decompose recalcitrant organic compounds
Penetrate residues
Stabilize soil structure
Nourish fungivores
Form symbioses with plant roots and soil fauna
Compete with plant pathogens
Parasitize plants and soil animals
Produce toxins e.g.  aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus on peanut"

<><><><>
(from a sanet-mg post by D. Hinds)

categories of soil inhabitants
(unicellular and multicellular)
Bacteria
Fungi
Algae
Protozoa
Nematodes
Microarthropods
Enchytraeids
Earthworms
Ants, termites, spiders
Mollusks
Others: rodents, snakes, voles, amphibians, dung beetles, fire ants, moles,
armadillos,
gophers
Actinomycetes:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/4401/actinomycete
"any member of a heterogeneous group of gram-positive, generally anaerobic
bacteria
noted for a filamentous and branching growth pattern that results, in most
forms,
in an extensive colony, or mycelium. The mycelium in some species may break
apart
to form rod- or coccoid-shaped forms. Many genera also form spores; the
sporangia,
or spore cases, may be found on aerial hyphae, on the colony surface, or
free
within the environment. Motility, when present, is conferred by flagella.
Many species of actinomycetes occur in soil and are harmless to animals and
higher plants,
while some are important pathogens, and many others are beneficial sources
of antibiotics."

What do bacteria do in soil:
Colonize aerobic and anaerobic environments
Decompose labile substrates
Mediate redox transformations
Nourish bacterivores
Fix N

What Fungi Do in the Soil:
Decompose recalcitrant organic compounds
Penetrate residues
Stabilize soil structure
Nourish fungivores
Form symbioses with plant roots and soil fauna
Compete with plant pathogens
Parasitize plants and soil animals
Produce toxins e.g.  aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus on peanut

"He doesn't specifically mention producing phyto-hormones or
antibiotic substances but the phyto-hormones are formed in symbiosis
with plant roots and antibiotics work by competing with (and thereby
interrupting) one or more of a pathogen's fundamental metabolic
processes."

Soil Ecology Primer includes information from <http://soils.usda.gov/>:
"Soils is part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, an effort of
Federal and State agencies, universities, and professional societies
to deliver science-based soil information."

Lawrence mentioned a need to establish "primary categories" and
referred to 7 categories Elaine Ingham presents. It would be
interesting to compare her classification system with the
taxonomical approach used by National Cooperative Soil Survey
mentioned by Joel and available via the above website.

The Soil Foodweb approach to soil management emphasizes the
importance of soil microorganisms and focuses on the use of compost,
compost tea and soil testing. Soil Foodweb provides information and
offers lab services and courses related to those key elements.
<http://www.soilfoodweb.com

ATTRA, the National Agriculture Library (NAL), WinRock and the
principle agricultural universities' websites are other sources that
surely contain information relevant.
(There's another on-line soil library with links to an important work,
original from
Russia on soil organisms not available elsewhere.

Biologist Lynn Margulis has published a number of important
works, including:
  Five Kingdoms: An illustrated guide to the phyla of life on Earth
  (1998)
  Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Microbial communities in the Archean
  and Proterozoic eons (second edition, 1993).
Her classification system for organisms is unique and deserves attention.

Google search "soil ecology"

  The Soil Ecology Society (SES) is an international organization of
researchers, students, environmental professionals and others interested in
the ...
  www.wcsu.edu/ses/ses.html - 4k - Cached - Similar pages

  Soil ecology
  D C Coleman & D A Crossley in 'Fundamentals of soil ecology, 1996, assign
functions and influence on nutrient cycling and soil structure to these
groups in ...
  www.seafriends.org.nz/enviro/soil/ecology.htm - 55k - Cached - Similar
pages

  Soil Ecology
  Lab Study Questions. Exam Questions from Labs. Soil Ecology Links ....
For more information on soil ecology and soil organisms, visit The Microbe
zoo ...
  cropsoil.psu.edu/courses/soils101/labs/ecology.html - 17k - Cached -
Similar pages

  Gordon's Soil Ecology Page
  An Introduction to the amazing world of the soil, its inhabitants and
their ecology.
  www.earthlife.net/insects/soileco.html - 50k - Cached - Similar pages

  Soil Ecology in the Yahoo! Directory
  Yahoo! reviewed these sites and found them related to Soil Ecology.
  dir.yahoo.com/Science/Ecology/Soil_Ecology/ - 7k - Cached - Similar pages

  Applied Soil Ecology - Elsevier
  Applied Soil Ecology addresses the role of soil organisms and their
interactions in relation to: agricultural productivity, nutrient cycling
and other soil ...
  www.elsevier.com/wps/product/cws_home/524518 - 68k - Cached - Similar
pages

  GSF Soil Ecology
  The primary concern of the Institute of Soil Ecology is the conservation
and evaluation of soil in its role as the support for plants and as a
significant ...
  www.gsf.de/iboe/ - 8k - Cached - Similar pages

  Laboratory of Soil Ecology and Microbiology
  Research projects and publications (University of Rhode Island, USA).
  www.uri.edu/cels/nrs/seml/ - 7k - Cached - Similar pages

  Soil Ecology and Restoration Group
  Primary focus is on soils and below-ground processes in arid and semiarid
ecosystems with emphasis on microbial ecology and plant-microorganism ...
  www.sci.sdsu.edu/SERG/ - 3k - Cached - Similar pages

  Soil ecology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  Soil ecology is the study of the interactions among soil organisms, and
between biotic and abiotic aspects of the soil environment. ...
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_ecology - 22k - Cached - Similar pages


On Thu, Apr 13, 2017 at 9:11 PM, Lawrence London <lfljvenaura@gmail.com>
wrote:

>
> On Thu, Apr 13, 2017 at 1:54 PM, Scott Pittman <scott@permaculture.org>
> wrote:
>
>> Thanks for posting this Lawrence, this is one of the best examples of
>> whole system thinking that I know of.  I wish I could share it with
>> everyone.
>>
>
> You could share it with Facebook friends or with other mailing lists.
>
> "*Published on Apr 5, 2017*
>
> In this video, natural health expert and Mercola.com founder Dr. Joseph
> Mercola interviews Dr. Zach Bush about soil health, intercellular
> communication and their effects on human health. To read health articles,
> visit Mercola.com."
> This is a big topic these days.
>
> Here is an exercise for you Scott. What are your thoughts about this? We
> are talking about bacteria and fungi interacting with plants for
> nourishment and survival while also nourishing the host plants. My question
> is how do bacteria and fungi relate to each other while doing their job
> interacting with plants when each helps plants acquire phosphorous and too
> much plant available phosphorous causes plants to shut down the process.
>
> Some of my thoughts on soil health:
>
> Soil with balanced macro and micro nutrients will more rapidly encourage
> larger (than in soil with unbalanced nutrients) populations of beneficial
> microorganisms which in turn will cause the generation of more organic
> matter and humus which will lead to greater soil water retention, tilth,
> friability and fertility and reduce the need for supplemental irrigation.
>
> It goes without saying that farming in harmony with Nature and the
> environment plus nonuse of synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers
> and heavy use of tillage could solve many plant disease problems.
>
> Humanity has been feeding itself for many thousands of years,
> homesteaders, tribes, agrarian societies, entire civilizations. Traditional
> systems could be stressed to feed the growing global population. Answer:
> keep them in place, revise and improve them, stabilize such natural farming
> systems, learn from indigenous farmers. Use permaculture design, principles
> and methods in tandem with robust natural agricultural systems, highly
> developed and refined. We need an encyclopedia on how to do this and an
> accompanying textbook. The task is divided between the public, private
> sector and the government.
>
> It wouls be interesting to explore the relationship between soil-borne
> bacteria that enhance the phosphate stress response
> in plants and the effect plant root colonized VAM's have on increased
> phosphate uptake, how each process is affected by the other
> and how that might be regulated by plant, bacteria or fungi for maximum
> benefit to each.
> Here are two interesting resources on VAMs:
> 1)
> Mycorrhizal Associations: Arbuscular Mycorrhizas
> https://mycorrhizas.info/vam.html
> 2)
> Use of Vesicular - Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) as Biofertilizer for
> Horticultural Plants in Developing Countries - Springer
> http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-011-3176-6_8#page-1
>
> http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-011-3176-6_8
>
> Abstract
>
> Mycorrhiza is the product of an association between a fungus and plant
> root. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) is formed by the symbiotic
> association between certain phycomycetous fungi and angiosperm roots. The
> fungus colonizes the root cortex forming a mycelial network and
> characteristic vesicles (bladder-like structures) and arbuscules (branched
> finger-like hyphae). The mycelia are aseptate or septate ramifying
> intercellularly thus causing little damage to tissues. The arbuscules are
> the most characteristic structures, formed intracellularly and probably
> having an absorptive function. The vesicles are terminal swellings of
> hyphae formed inter and intracellularly having a storage function. There
> are six genera of fungi belonging to Endogonaceae which have been shown to
> form mycorrhizal associations: Glomus, Gigaspora, Acaulospora,
> Entrophospora Sclerocystis and Scutellospora. These are mainly identified
> by their characteristic spores and sporocarps which are formed mostly in
> the soil surrounding the roots and rarely inside the roots. The
> identification of VAM fungi directly from roots has been difficult. One of
> the striking features of VAM fungi is their very wide host range which
> includes angiosperm species belonging to almost all the families. Even the
> roots of some aquatic plants are colonized by VAM fungi.
> Brendan Niemira : USDA ARShttps://www.ars.usda.gov/peopl
> e-locations/person?person-id=43393
>
> ....did research on red clover exudates (affecting soil microbiology?)
> increasing a plant's ability to uptake phosphorous.
> Maybe this was in some way connected to an increase in phosphate stress
> response.
> This was mentioned in several Sanet posts years ago. I think someone tried
> to commercialize production of this exudate.
>
> Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to utilization of
> organic sources of phosphorus by red clover in a calcareous soil
> http://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/379209/Feng%20et%20al%202003.pdf
> Phosphorus deficiency in red clover promotes exudation of ... - NCBI
> <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17260144>
> https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17260144
> by K Yoneyama - ‎2007 - ‎Cited by 221
> <https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oe=utf-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=238862353653498900>
> - ‎Related articles
> <https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oe=utf-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:FAS7iwucUAP1EM:scholar.google.com/>
> *Phosphorus* deficiency in *red clover* promotes *exudation* of
> orobanchol, the signal for mycorrhizal symbionts and germination stimulant
> for root parasites.
> Phosphorus deficiency in red clover promotes exudation of ...
> <http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00425-006-0410-1>
> link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00425-006-0410-1
> by K Yoneyama - ‎2007 - ‎Cited by 222
> <https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oe=utf-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=238862353653498900>
> - ‎Related articles
> <https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oe=utf-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:FAS7iwucUAP1EM:scholar.google.com/>
> *Phosphorus* deficiency in *red clover* promotes *exudation* of
> orobanchol, the signal for mycorrhizal symbionts and germination stimulant
> for root parasites.
>
>
> [PDF]Plant mechanisms to optimise access to soil phosphorus - CiteSeerX
> <http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.971.188&rep=rep1&type=pdf>
> citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.971.188&rep=rep1...pdf
> by AE RichardsonA - ‎2009 - ‎Cited by 205
> <https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oe=utf-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=5245700787367287107>
> - ‎Related articles
> <https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oe=utf-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:Q5kDvRJ5zEifFM:scholar.google.com/>
> capacity to supply P in a soluble form that is available for *plant
> uptake* (i.e. as ..... their *ability to increase* the effective length
> and surface area of roots ..... anions *exuded* from white lupin cluster
> roots (Johnson et al. 1996 ...... *red clover* and ryegrass from an
> Oxisol as affected by P and model humic *substances* application. 1.
> Chapter 5 Plant Roots and Microorganisms - ScienceDirect
> <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166248108705634>
> www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166248108705634
> May 12, 2008 - The cooperation of higher *plants* with living
> microorganisms occurs most intensively and ... usually *increased*
> exudation from tomatoes and subterranean *clover*. .... This is true even
> though the total quantity of *substances exuded* may be ..... The
> efficiency in nutrient *uptake*, especially of *phosphorus*, by the ...
> Analysis of Phosphate Acquisition Efficiency in Different Arabidopsis ...
> <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC59875/>
> https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › NCBI › Literature › PubMed Central (PMC)
> by RA Narang - ‎2000 - ‎Cited by 142
> <https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oe=utf-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&cites=12125372113180787899>
> - ‎Related articles
> <https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oe=utf-8&um=1&ie=UTF-8&lr&q=related:u4SRp7H5RajfcM:scholar.google.com/>
> Significant differences were found in root morphology, phosphate *uptake*
> kinetics, ... rhizosphere acidification, and the *ability* of roots to
> penetrate substrates. ... *Phosphorus* is a major mineral nutrient
> required by *plants*, but is one of the most ..... of growth medium of
> high organic acid *exuding*, phosphate-efficient accessions ...
>
>
>
> A thread about this in the permaculture list:
>
> [permaculture] Breeding plants in diverse communities may lead to more
> productive plants
>
> https://lists.ibiblio.org/sympa/arc/permaculture/2014-November/045377.html
> Niemira's post was in the Usenet newsgroup, bionet.plants:
>
> Article: 5512 of bionet.plants
> From: niemirab at student.msu.edu
> <http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/permaculture>  (Brendan A.
> Niemira)
> Newsgroups: bionet.plants
> Subject: Re: Mycorhizzae vs. Fertilizer
> Date: Thu, 02 Mar 1995  11:04 est
>
>
> For agronomic crops, you're talking about vesicular arbuscular
> mycorrhizae (VAM), a symbiotic endomycorrhizal fungus.  These are
> ubiquitous anyway, and
> not very host-specific, so there is very little need to inoculate the field
> in order
> to introduce them.  The big trick is getting them to colonize your crop
> plant to such an extent that fertilizer inputs can be reduced.  You can a)
> build up the population in the soil such that even moderately active fungi
> result in
> heavy coloniazation, b) put something in the soil to stimulate the activity
> of smaller populations to get heavy colonization.
>
> Crop rotations have been shown to have a definite impact on the population
> dynamics of VAM, and work is currently being done (by me, among others) to
> determine how the different crop plants differentially select for certain
> species of VAM among all that are availible in the soil.
>
> Other workers have shown that certain natural, plant-produced chemicals can
> stimulate the existing VAM to higher levels of activity.  These
> chemicals were originally derived from red clover, a popular sequence in
> crop
> rotations.  This may shed some light on why rotations are effective
> w/regard to VAM.
>
>
> More:
>
> [permaculture] mycorhizae thread - this gem of info: plant selection of
> appropriate VAM's & VAM-stimulating natural plant 
> extractshttp://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/permaculture/2013-March/043074.html
>
> There are more posts in this thread in the sanet-mg archives that this
> forwarded post from me was included in.
> There were replies with a lot more info on :
> 1) "determine how the different crop plants differentially select for
> certain
> species of VAM among all that are availible in the soil."
> 2) "that certain natural, plant-produced chemicals can
> stimulate the existing VAM to higher levels of activity.  These
> chemicals were originally derived from red clover"
> [a group actually produced such extracts to make a marketable ag product
> from]
>
> More:
>
> [permaculture] red clover extract that stimulates vesicular arbuscular
> mycorrhizae - Google 
> Searchhttps://lists.ibiblio.org/sympa/arc/permaculture/2013-March/043077.html
>
> <>
>
> This seems to have to do with Alia's information about available phosphate
> levels in soil regulating a host plant's colonization of mycorrhizal fungi 
> on its roots
> resulting in increased phosphate uptake;
> i.e. phosphate is a regulator of this process.
> The article quoted below goes into this:
> The regulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis by phosphate in pea
> involves early and systemic signalling events
> http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/3/1049.full
>
> <>
>
> http://aem.asm.org/content/57/2/434
>
> Isolation and Identification of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza-Stimulatory
> Compounds from Clover (Trifolium repens) Roots
>
> Muraleedharan G. Nair1*,
> Gene R. Safir2 and
> Jose O. Siqueira2†
>
> + Author Affiliations
>
> 1Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Horticulture and
> Pesticide Research Center, and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2
> Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
>
> ABSTRACT
>
> Two isoflavonoids isolated from clover roots grown under phosphate stress
> were characterized as formononetin (7-hydroxy,4′-methoxy isoflavone) and
> biochanin A (5,7-dihydroxy,4′-methoxy isoflavone). At 5 ppm, these
> compounds stimulated hyphal growth in vitro and root colonization of an
> undescribed vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza, a Glomus sp. (INVAM-112). The
> permethylated products of the two compounds were inactive. These findings
> suggest that the isoflavonoids studied may act as signal molecules in
> vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis.
>
> In a sanet-mg post, years ago, Dale Wilson mentioned that he knew of a
> researcher in Ohio (or nearby state) who took an inventory of
> plant-specific VAMs in his region.
>
>
> --
> Lawrence F. London, Jr.
> lfljvenaura@gmail.com
> https://sites.google.com/site/avantgeared
>
>
>
>
>
>
>


-- 
Lawrence F. London, Jr.
lfljvenaura@gmail.com
https://sites.google.com/site/avantgeared