permaculture

[DONKA RADEVA <donnybg@yahoo.com>]

A great source, Steve, thank you! Will keep you updated of further 
publications on the topic. Now I have a challenge to defense all the "new 
"alternative economic" ideas" I have developed in my work. :-)On a conference 
we were asked: "Is this type of farming like new-age generation in 
agriculture?" :-)
Greetings from cold and snowy Sofia,
Donka 

    On Wednesday, January 25, 2017 11:22 PM, Steve Hart 
<stevenlawrencehart@gmail.com> wrote:
 

 Donny..have you had a look into this site ?
"Agricultural Transition" 
www.ag-transition.org
Angela Hilmi had developed some good thinking in this field and talked a lot 
about Peasantry. 
Perhaps work for your post doctoral thesis ?
Steve


On 24 January 2017 at 11:22, Steve Hart <stevenlawrencehart@gmail.com> wrote:

Hi Donny..howz the PhD going ? what stage are you at ? perhaps time to 
release a few snippets on this network. Do not hesitate to ask for any 
material through this network. Did you find any models you could use ? And we 
await your arrival in NZ..Steve
On 24 January 2017 at 10:57, DONKA RADEVA via permaculture 
<permaculture@lists.ibiblio. org> wrote:

Amazing project, Steve! Keep hard working and have much luck!
Best wishes to Martina and kids!
Donka

    On Monday, January 23, 2017 5:38 AM, Lawrence London 
<lfljvenaura@gmail.com> wrote:


 On Sun, Jan 22, 2017 at 8:00 PM, Steve Hart <stevenlawrencehart@gmail.com>
wrote:

> 13 acres...river alluvial...just spent 60 hrs on the 14 ton digger doing
> flood retention ponds and swales and flloodways. I'm presently looking at a
>

That is a great plan. I hope it all goes together well. I did something
similar with a large farm tractor and many implements and a medium sized
skid loader: as you said, retention ponds (3), swales/dams/berms/terraces
and the floodways directed at the ponds; excess rainfall carefully
channeled into the ponds from wherever on the property.it originates. I
will post some pix to illustrate the functionality of the overall system.

small flood channel that meanders through the property to design a
> temperate zone chanampa...or real aquaponic system.
>

Will there be eels in the chinampas? There is a big market for eels in
Japan.

I would really like to do this also but my soil ios too permeable to hold
water long enough to support the garden component. I am lucky to keep water
in the retention ponds.


> Put a few Sth Devon
> Bulls on to process pasture, manure one  paddock, chooks have started White
> Orpingtons. Have ordered a range of trees for next planting season
> including 800 apple pear plum and 200 avocado.
>

Wonderful!


> My 4 yr old daughter
> conducted her first inpromtu garden tour the other day for a visitor and
> with her 2 yr old sister put together a salad for lunch consisting of 40
> different species.
>

Now that is living right. Proper salads, the true staff of life! I plan on
a big salad and greens garden this coming Spring
and hopefully plenty of corn, tomatoes, peppers and onions.


> Also in the middle of converting an old cow shed /
> shearing shed into a dwelling..all off grid....a shed it will remain for
> authorities to dwell on...so its all go ...just printed off an AO size
>

Right.


> survey plan to draw up the design for presentation purposes.
>

I would like to see that.


> We will be
> reincarnating the original Permaculture Institute of NZ soon and may seek
> collaboration with Larry n Scott et al for a branch of their Academy. But,
> there is only 36 hrs in a day....all good..Steve Hart
>

That must be done and the sooner the better. You have my recommendation.

Onward!

LL

--
Lawrence F. London, Jr.
lfljvenaura@gmail.com
https://sites.google.com/site/ avantgeared
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-- 
Kia ora Ehoa


Steve HartEcology ArchitectDesigner, Teacher, Builder of Ecologically 
Sustainable Resilient Environments, through Urban Design, Architecture, 
Landscape Architecture and Systems Ecology.​
Skype: tipenemanawa
Phone: +64 220 75 62 11
Permaculture Global Design: www.permacultureglobaldesign. org
The Permaculture International College www.permaculturecollege.eu 
https://permaculturecollege. academia.edu/SteveHart

GAPPS The Global Alliance for Permaculture Partnerships and Solutions. 
www.permaculturepartnerships. com




-- 
Kia ora Ehoa


Steve HartEcology ArchitectDesigner, Teacher, Builder of Ecologically 
Sustainable Resilient Environments, through Urban Design, Architecture, 
Landscape Architecture and Systems Ecology.​
Skype: tipenemanawa
Phone: +64 220 75 62 11
Permaculture Global Design: www.permacultureglobaldesign.org
The Permaculture International College www.permaculturecollege.eu 
https://permaculturecollege.academia.edu/SteveHart

GAPPS The Global Alliance for Permaculture Partnerships and Solutions. 
www.permaculturepartnerships.com


   
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sustainability | SHIKIGAMI
https://nakazora.wordpress.com/tag/sustainability/
Tokyo Event <https://nakazora.wordpress.com/2011/12/09/tokyo-event/> December
9, 2011
Returning to the Way of Nature A workshop facilitated by Dion Workman and
Takuya Sasa.

Nerima-ku, Tokyo

17th Dec. Sat. 10:00~17:00

Donations appreciated. Please bring food for a shared lunch.

*RSVP required:* tabi0419[at]gmail.com
Returning to the Way of Nature

A presentation and discussion about the state of modern society, the
destruction of the environment and how we could live in a very different
way. A way that is good for ourselves, our children, our human communities
and the community of all life on Earth.

Many of us feel a sense of unease about the world today. We feel anxiety
for the future, a future where we don’t see opportunities to live healthy
fulfilled lives for ourselves and where we see each generation leaving to
their children a world in poorer condition. We feel a great sadness for the
injustice of our societies and for the way in which our way of life is
destroying Earth. And we feel helpless to do anything about it.

In this event lead by Dion Workman and Takuya Sasa, we look at the root
causes of these issues and discuss practical solutions. We will look at
ecology, technology, economics, community, education, food, health and
energy. We will examine many aspects of the world today and ask how can we
create the world that our hearts long for. What can we do as individuals
and as communities.

Our hearts tell us that another world is possible. It is time to start
living in that new world.

*Dion Workman* was born in Aotearoa/New Zealand and now lives in Izu-hanto.
He is a natural farmer, wild food forager, permaculturalist, deep ecologist
and writer.

*Takuya Sasa* was born in Tokyo. He has traveled extensively in 60
countries including one year traveling by horse through central America.
Much of this time he has spent learning about the indigenous cultures of
the countries he travels in. Takuya also spent one year in Aoteroa/New
Zealand learning Permaculture.



DIY Kitchen Appliances
<https://nakazora.wordpress.com/2011/06/21/diy-kitchen-appliances/> June
21, 2011

Living up in the mountains with the nearest road a good ten minutes walk
along a steep forest path it is quite extraordinary that we have mains
electricity. I imagine that nowhere else but Japan would a utility company
go to such lengths to get a house on the grid. Its true this connection
allows us some modern comforts – well, three at least: laptop, lights and a
refrigerator (whose days are definitely numbered) – but, had we been the
original occupants we probably would have opted to stay off the grid. Right
from the time we first moved here we have discussed options for generating
electricity ourselves, at first in the context of long-term plans but
following events at Fukushima these discussions have gained some urgency.
Reasons for generating our own electricity are hopefully too obvious to
warrant comment but why detach from the grid altogether? Our grid is owned
and operated by Tepco (the Devil itself!).

<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/tepco-exec.jpg>

Although the micro-hydro system we would like to have generating the few
kilowatts of electricity we need might still be a little way off we have
been working on some super low technologies to better align our energy use
with our circumstances and needs.

The previous occupant of our house seems to have done most of her cooking
by gas. Convenient if you live in a city, or village, or just if there is a
road nearby, really. Far less convenient when the gas bottles have to be
carried on your back up in to the mountains. Also when you live in the
midst of a forest there tends to be an abundance of fuel, everywhere. And,
of course, you gotta pay for the gas (and which friendly neighboorhood
corporation will be taking your money this time?).
Rice Cooker

To reduce overall fuel consumption the first cooking appliance we built was
a heat retention cooker (HRC). These brilliantly simple devices – sometimes
referred to as ‘haybox cookers’ due to the insulation material originally
used or by us as our ‘rice cooker’ due to what we mostly use it for –  are
certainly one of the most effective energy-saving cooking devices around.
Using the gas rice cooker that we inherited with the house it took around
35 – 40 minutes of fuel usage to cook one days supply of rice plus another
10 or so minutes each time we wanted to reheat the rice. With the heat
retention rice cooker it takes around 10 minutes of fuel usage to generate
enough heat to cook the rice and 3 – 5 minutes to reheat it (the HRC will
keep the rice warm for the best part of a day but we avoid doing this due
to the risks of bacterial growth in a constantly warm environment). Keep in
mind the times I have given are for fuel usage *not* cooking time [see
below].

The principle of the HRC is simply that you heat food in a pot then place
the pot in the HRC (an insulated container) which traps the heat emitted
from the food in the pot and uses this heat to cook the food. Essentially
it’s a sort of slow cooker so can be used for anything you might cook in a
slow cooker such as grains, beans, stews, casseroles etc., or anything you
might  use an insulated box for such as making yoghurt or keeping food warm.

<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/hrc2.jpg>
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/hrc3.jpg>
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/hrc4.jpg>

<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/hrc5.jpg>
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/hrc6.jpg>
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/hrc7.jpg>

<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/hrc11.jpg>
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/hrc8.jpg>
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/hrc9.jpg>

<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/hrc10.jpg>
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/hrc111.jpg>
A couple of cardboard boxes, wood ash, a sheet of styrofoam-like material
backed with a reflective material (used in Japan for covering bath tubs to
keep the water hot), tape, a bag of batting an old blanket.

We used wood-ash as an insulator because we have it but other insulating
materials could be corrugated cardboard, old blankets, polystyrene type
packaging materials… As most of the heat escapes from the top of the box
this must be insulated well hence our two layers of corrugated cardboard
covered with the reflective material, the batting inside a plastic bag
(preventing it from becoming moist and smelly) and the old blanket over the
lid of the cooker (added mainly to hold the lid down but gives one more
layer of insulation to the cooker). It is well worth lining the inside of
the box with some sort of reflective material as this will reflect the heat
emanating from the pot back at the pot.

The model we designed and built might seem a little over engineered but it
works so well I would say the little extra effort and materials  really
paid off. Before making our HRC we had read that brown rice would require
10 to 15 minutes boiling then 2 hours in the HRC. We boil our brown rice
for 5 minutes and after one hour in the HRC it is perfectly cooked (this is
only 15 to 20 minutes more than most electric rice cookers!). It’s true
that our cooking time is improved because we sprout the rice before cooking
but no matter how you cook it brown rice should be soaked for a long time
or, better, sprouted.
The Macrowave

Another simple device we have built is a solar box cooker.

<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/solar-cooker1.jpg>
Two boxes, a sheet of glass, some aluminium foil, wheat paste, tape and a
blackened pot.

We completed the solar cooker just as we entered the rainy season so we
haven’t had many opportunities to use it yet. But on the rare sunny days
that we have had over the past month it has performed reasonably well.
Putting a pot of water on in the morning we have boiling water for morning
tea. Nothing but beautiful rays of sunshine…

The dimensions of our solar cooker were determined by the piece of glass we
had and it is a little smaller than ideal. Not shown in the photograph is a
‘splash plate’ of aluminium painted flat black that sits under the pot.
It’s critical to use blackened pots in solar cookers as they make an
immense difference to the cooking time.

For the low down on all things solar cooking including plans:
solarcooking.org
The Rocket

Our latest DIY cooking appliance is a little rocket stove. With just a
handful of sticks it burns really hot producing very little smoke. Since we
introduced the rocket stove to our kitchen set-up we have almost entirely
ceased using the gas cooker.* [Update, June 2012. Shortly after this post
was written we did cease using the gas cooker entirely. It has been in
storage for around 10 months and not missed at all.]*
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/rocketstove.jpg> An old
commercial size soy sauce can, a length of stove-pipe, a stove-pipe elbow
bend, a tin can, wood ash.

A rocket stove maximizes combustion and heat transfer efficiency. In a well
built stove all the volatile gases released as the wood gets hot will be
combusted. This occurs when there is sufficient temperature. To attain the
necessary temperatures the stove is insulated with low mass, heat resistant
materials (wood ash, again, in our case). The complete combustion of the
volatile gases results in virtually no smoke being emitted – a cleaner,
more efficient use of wood as cooking fuel.
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/rocketstove-construction.jpg>
Rocket
stove before the addition of wood-ash insulation

Although our little rocket stove works brilliantly we’re planning a new
improved model already: multiple burners with high, medium and low heat,
raising it to table top height… At present we use ‘risers’ to elevate our
pots above the flame when we need to ‘turn the heat down’ and when we want
to turn it right up we have a ‘skirt’ that fits snugly around the pot and
directs the heat vertically up the sides of the pot increasing
efficiency. *[June,
2012. We never did get around to making that fancy new improved model.
Instead we learned how to cook well** on a single burner. Having the HRC in
combination with the rocket stove has worked well as we can keep a dish
warm in the HRC as we prepare the next dish on the rocket.]*

Video tutorial on making a rocket stove
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeKcb-Fw-bo&feature=related>

The Rocket Stove Principle
<https://nakazora.wordpress.com/tag/sustainability/www.vrac.iastate.edu/ethos/ethos05/.../scottnewrocketstove.pdf>
Kalanguya Forest Farmers, Philippines
<https://nakazora.wordpress.com/2010/08/07/philippines/> August 7, 2010

Its been a while since the last post so let me begin with a brief update.

We are currently in Minamiizu
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamiizu,_Shizuoka>, the southern tip of the
Izu peninsula which lies just south of Tokyo. We are staying with a young
family farming vegetables and rice with ducks. We came to this area with
the intention of looking for land to farm ourselves as Minamiizu has the
reputation of being a little more laid back and cosmopolitan than most of
rural Japan. So far this has been our experience. We have also seen some
very interesting terraced farmland that has been abandoned….

Back in June we left Japan to travel in the Philippines. While our initial
reason for going was the renewal of my visitors visa for Japan we were also
aware that traditional natural farming was still being practiced in many
parts of the Philippines and wanted to take a look.

We divided our time in the Philippines between two different locations on
Luzon island, in Tublay municipality
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tublay,_Benguet> near Baguio city and in Ifugao
province <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifugao>.

In Tuplay we stayed at ENCA <http://www.encaorganicfarm.com/>, the Cosalan
family farm and “eco-tourism” site. (If the term eco-tourism conjures up
images of wealthy first-worlders ‘roughing’ it in pristine exotic locations
that was certainly not the case here. The visitors were primarily urban
Filipinos making day trips into the country side and the few foreign
visitors were mostly volunteer workers like ourselves).

The primary crop at ENCA is shade grown organic coffee with some vegetables
also being produced. There are many challenges at ENCA not the least of
which is the difficulty of getting products to market with the nearest
negotiable road forty minutes walk away. The roads never used to be quite
so bad or so far away but in 2009 the area was hammered by a series of
typhoons that resulted in massive erosion of the mountains, river beds
increasing from ten to twenty times their previous size and large areas of
farm land and infrastructure washed downstream by the raging torrents.

Unfortunately there is something of a history of severe environmental
degradation in the area. Rice production on the terraced mountain sides
ceased in the 1970’s when copper mining in the area contaminated the water.
Although the 2009 typhoons were the trigger for the most recent damage it
was clear to me from observation (and later confirmed by discussing it with
locals) that the extent of the damage had been greatly exacerbated by poor
land management practices.

High up in the valley were “upland” farmers practicing slash and burn
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_and_burn> agriculture, a practice that
although part of farming traditions in many parts of the world often has a
detrimental effect on the eco-systems where it is practiced. One of the
problems with the slash and burn approach, and particularly notable in the
case of the valley where ENCA is located, is the increased surface runoff
of water. Slashing and burning the forest to open up areas for cultivation
exposes the bare earth which results in an increase in  the volume and
intensity of the surface runoff, particularly in severe weather, picking up
more organic matter and gouging out more of the hillside, exposing more of
the surface etc., etc.
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/enca_upland.jpg>

Upland farmers planting a new garden



More troubling than the activities of the upland farmers though was the
practice of free range grazing of cattle in the forest. At the top of all
of the worst land slides in the area was evidence of prolonged grazing of
cows. Unfortunately it seems very few of the farmers have made the
connection between the grazing of animals in the forest and the severity of
erosion being experienced. In forest systems hard-hoofed grazers on
free-range eat out the small shrubs and saplings that play an essential
role in the stability of the forest. These are plants that protect the
forest floor in exposed areas where the canopy has been disturbed and act
as a nursery for forest plant stock to ensure regeneration of the forest.

As the animals move across the steep slopes their tracks produce ruts which
become channels which in high rainfall events are gouged out and can lead
to ‘slips’ or land slides. In the forest around ENCA there was ample
evidence that this was exactly what was occurring.
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/enca_erosion.jpg>

View from ENCA farm across river

Beyond the obvious environmental stress ENCA was a very beautiful place.
Valleys of terraced gardens growing organic vegetables surrounded by forest
in which coffee was grown along with an abundance of pineapples, guava,
banana, jackfruit, wild tomatoes….


<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/enca_jackfruit.jpg>

Jackfruit in the forest

We had a wonderful time thanks to the Cosalan family hospitality but ENCA
was not really the place for learning about traditional natural farming
practices. The practices there were a mix of recently imported ideas such
as beneficial indigenous micro-organisms
<http://tribes.tribe.net/effectivemicro/thread/d6b8fd03-e2c7-4650-a658-51fdf4f013ad>
and biodynamics <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture>.

The next farm we visited was exactly what we had been hoping to find. We
stayed with the Puguon family between the villages of Pula and Bulpog in
Asipulo municipality of Ifugao province. Ifugao is famous for its rice
terraces, particularly the town of Benaue, probably the number one tourist
destination in the Philippines but we were deep in the mountains far away
from the tourists.

Thirty minutes walk from the village of Pula (a village itself only
accesible by 4WD or motorbike ) up steep mountain paths that wind towards
Bulpog and we were in a valley occupied by a clan of the Kalanguya tribe,
terraced paddy and forest farmers.

The farmers here operate a traditional system of farming, variations of
which can be found throughout the mountains of northern Luzon in the
Philippines and in other remote regions throughout Asia. It is a system of
farming that was dominant in the Asia Pacific region before the
introduction of mechanized/chemical agriculture. It is a system of
terraquaculture (earth-water farming), a natural farming system that
utilizes the existing features of environments as “eco-structures” for
developing sustainable productive systems. In particular it works with the
natural flows of water through the landscape, making optimal use of the
water and the nutrients it carries.
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/jcamp_terraces-and-forest.jpg>

Rice terraces and forest

In the steep mountain valleys of Asipulo the basic pattern of the farming
system is terraced rice paddies as low down in the system as possible with
vegetables grown around the edges of the paddies and managed forest (
*pinguo*) above. The forest is recognized as the source of water and
fertility that keeps the whole system productive.
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/jcamp_terraces-with-beans.jpg>

Rice terraces with beans growing on terrace walls and betel nut palm in
foreground

The Bulpog clan of the Kalanguya people are true forest farmers. Much of
their food, their medicines, shelter and many items used in daily life are
products of their forests. Their cash crops of coffee and betel nut are
grown throughout the forest. Food grown in the forest and on its fringes
includes coconut, taro, cassava, chilli, pomello, papaya, banana,
pineapple, ginger, yam as well as various fungi and wild honey. The
distinction between farmed and wild food is truly blurred in these forests.
In a sense everything is ‘farmed’ in that selective ‘weeding’ of the forest
is done in order to promote the growth of the most desirable species but at
the same time everything grown in the forest is somewhat wild as
self-seeding is the main method of propagation and everything is grown in a
truly complex polyculture.


<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/jcamp_clearing-around-coffee.jpg>

Gerald Puguon slashing and mulching around coffee saplings
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/jcamp_pineapples.jpg>

Pineapple plants used to stabilize steep banks

Rattan <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattan> is the most widely used plant
of these forest farmers. They eat its sour fruit and shoots and use the
canes for twine and baskets. Rattan crafts are widely sold at tourist
markets in the Philippines but the people of Bulpog do not produce for
these markets. The price that the craftspeople receive for their products
is insultingly low but, more critically, is the recognition of the
relatively slow growth of rattan. The Bulpog farmers are aware that if they
begin producing crafts for markets they will quickly exhaust the rattan
that they use so widely in their daily lives. This is an applaudable
decision as these people are very money poor.
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/jcamp_weaving.jpg>

Senior Puguon weaving rattan basket
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/jcamp_basket.jpg>

The finished basket

What is not grown in the forest (or on the forest edge around dwellings and
along pathways) is produced as part of the paddy system. The farmers here
grow from one to three crops of rice per paddy field per year. While rice
is the main staple any failure in the rice crop could, for one year at
least, be covered by the secondary staples of taro and cassava. These
people may be ‘poor’ but they are certainly in no risk of starvation!

The rice paddies are also biodiverse polycultural systems. With the rice is
grown taro and azolla <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azolla> (a water fern
that fixes atmospheric nitrogen and is used as a garden mulch by the Bulpog
Kalanguya), molluscs (various kinds of snails), fish (loaches
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobitidae> and fresh water crayfish
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayfish>) or ducks (as ducks eat the
molluscs and small fish its an either/or situation).

On the walls of the paddies legumes are grown, usually the winged bean
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged_bean>, a delicious and highly
nutritious bean that is also an excellent nitrogen fixer. Other vegetables
are grown around the edges of the paddies but on occasion whole plots of
vegetables are planted. These more recognizable vegetable gardens are used
to form new terraces. The farmers create rows running up and down the slope
so that the act of gardening will slowly move the soil downhill, eventually
creating a level terrace that can be used as a paddy.
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/jcamp_veggie-gardens-and-rice-terraces.jpg>

Vegetable gardens used to form level terraces

As mentioned earlier one of the main cash crops of this area is shade grown
coffee. The planting of coffee in these forests began in earnest in the
1970’s when the introduction of cattle grazing threatened to destroy the
forests. Insightful farmers realized that in order to save the forests they
needed to develop cash crops that required forest cover and began to plant
coffee widely. Initially the plan was a success with the grazing of cattle
quickly abandoned but a crash in coffee prices in the 1980’s and subsequent
fluctuations have exposed the forest to new threats.

The farmers have continued to grow coffee under the shade of the forest but
they are paid very little for their product. The main buyer of coffee from
this region is Nestle. Its a tragic tale all too familiar in the age of
globalized free market capitalism. High quality naturally farmed organic
coffee – grown in order to preserve forests –  is being sold for next to
nothing to be turned into low quality Nescafe instant coffee. Nestle, and
the Filipino agricultural advisers who are more or less working for them
are now encouraging the farmers to cut down the forest so that the coffee
plants can be cut down and regenerated in short cycles supposedly to
improve ‘productivity.’ When the farmers are receiving the lowest possible
price for their product any improvement in productivity is obviously not
going to be in* their* interests.
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/jcamp_senior-roasting-coffee.jpg>

Senior roasting coffee (a three hour process)

The price for coffee is so low that Nestle’s stupid advice it is not
actually posing a real threat to the forest. But certainly the
establishment of decent markets for the high quality coffee grown in these
forests would ensure the forest farming of this region continues. (*If you
are trading in fair trade organic raw coffee beans, or would like to,
please contact me*).

The bigger immediate threat to the forests is market gardening. Although
barely viable at present with access to the mountain villages so difficult
the municipal government is proposing building a road into the mountains to
open it up for larger scale market gardening. The farming system practiced
in these mountains is truly sustainable if it continues as it has
traditionally been done. It has been highly refined over a very long time
to maintain maximum fertility. Cutting down the forest and exhausting the
remaining fertility with vegetable production will likely cause total
collapse of the system within a few short years. Chemical fertilizers may
keep it artificially alive for a few more but most likely the people of
Bulpog will be *poor and in risk of starvation*. The fact is that were they
to receive a decent price for their coffee they could continue to be
exemplary practitioners of a truly sustainable agriculture.

In closing I want to share one more photograph. It is of the river that
runs below the village of Bulpog and the farms surrounding the village. It
is a truly beautiful river that even after heavy rain remains perfectly
clear (i.e., there is virtually no soil being washed into the river due to
erosion). It is a truly amazing testament to the farming system operating
in these mountains. Approximately 80 households are supported by farms
situated directly above this river yet there is no sign of pollution or
degradation of the land.
<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/jcamp_river.jpg>

River below the Bulpog farms
The Fisherman and the Forest
<https://nakazora.wordpress.com/2010/05/25/the-fisherman-and-the-forest/> May
25, 2010

<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/japanese-fisherman1.jpg>This
past weekend I met a fisherman named Gori-san. When not plying his trade on
the Pacific coast Gori-san can be found in the mountains of Iwate
prefecture planting trees. Gori-san understands that the health of the
ocean, from which he makes his livelihood, is dependant on healthy forests.
In Iwate and Miyagi prefectures fishermen have committed themselves to the
task of re-establishing healthy forests in the mountain watersheds that
feed the ocean. It is a phenomena that was started some twenty years ago
when a fisherman named Hatakeyama Shigeatsu made the connection between
declining oyster populations, mountain forests and the rivers which feed
the ocean.

Hatakeyama-san knew from experience that declining fish stocks were
connected to the health of the forest but he struggled to find any
scientific research to verify this. Scientific specialists were seemingly
not interested in the connection between ocean, forest and river.
Eventually Hatakeyama-san did manage to locate research papers by a
Professor Katsuhiko Matsunaga of the School of Fisheries Sciences of
Hokkaido University that explained, in scientific terms, what he
empirically knew.

According to the research conducted by Matsunaga-san a decline in upstream
broad-leaf forests had led to a decline in fluvic acid iron that is created
when the humus formed by the falling leaves of trees is dissolved in
rainwater and carried to the ocean through the river systems. The fluvic
acid iron is essential for the growth of phytoplankton, the presence of
which is in turn essential for the formation of rich ecosystems in coastal
areas.

A decline in Japan’s broad-leaf forests had resulted from the vast
plantations of coniferous trees that were established to supply the timber
industry. Hatakeyama-san saw that this trend could be reversed especially
as Japan’s timber industry was now itself in decline. Armed with the
scientific evidence Hatakeyama-san was able to convince other fishermen of
the urgent need to re-establish diverse forests of broad-leaf and deciduous
trees in the mountain watersheds. When plantation trees are clear cut by
forestry workers the fishermen replant appropriate species to restore the
health of the ocean on which they are so dependent.

<https://nakazora.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/forest.jpg>