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["Lawrence F. London, Jr." <lflj@intrex.net>]

<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7203186.stm>
Last Updated: Thursday, 24 January 2008, 21:13 GMT
Synthetic life 'advance' reported
By Helen Briggs
Science reporter, BBC News

Mycoplasma bacteria (Image: Science Photo Library)
The bacterium has one of the smallest known genomes
An important step has been taken in the quest to create a synthetic lifeform.

A US team reports in Science magazine how it built in the lab the entire set of genetic instructions needed to drive a 
bacterial cell.

The group hopes eventually to use engineered genomes to make organisms that can produce clean fuels and take carbon 
dioxide out of the atmosphere.

Publication of the research gives others the chance to scrutinise it. Some 
have ethical concerns.

        
It sets the stage for what we hope is going to be a new approach to 
engineering organisms
Dr Hamilton Smith, Nobel Prize winner

These critics have been calling for several years now for a debate on the risks of creating "artificial life" in a test 
tube.

But Dr Hamilton Smith, who was part of the Science study, said the team regarded its lab-made genome - a laboratory copy 
of the DNA used by the bacterium Mycoplasma genitalium - as a step towards synthetic, rather than artificial, life.

He told BBC News: "We like to distinguish synthetic life from artificial life.

"With synthetic life, we're re-designing the cell chromosomes; we're not creating 
a whole new artificial life system."

Gene cassettes

The team of 17 scientists constructed the bacterial genome by chemically 
synthesising small blocks of DNA.

Biobricks(Image: Science Photo Library)
Ever-bigger chunks of DNA are being assembled
These were grown up in a bacterium, and knitted together into bigger pieces, so-called 
"cassettes" of genes.

The researchers ended up with several large chunks of DNA that were joined to make the circular genome of a synthetic 
version of Mycoplasma genitalium.

They have named it Mycoplasma JCVI-1.0, after their research centre, the J 
Craig Venter Institute in Rockville, MD, US.

Dr Craig Venter, who was involved in the race to decode the human genome, believes tailor-made micro-organisms can 
become efficient producers of non-polluting fuels such as hydrogen. Other synthetic bacteria could be made to take up 
greenhouse gases, he believes.

"It sets the stage for what we hope is going to be a new approach to engineering 
organisms," said co-researcher Dr Smith.

Operating systems

To achieve this goal, the researchers must overcome a crucial, and tricky, 
obstacle.

They must transplant the synthetic genome into another cell so that it can use the existing machinery to "boot up" and 
start growing and reproducing.

        
STEPS TO SYNTHETIC LIFE
2002: synthetic virus created - a lab version of polio
2007: a genome from one cell is placed in another
2008: publication of synthetic genome study
"It's installing the software - basically we have to boot up the genome, get it operating," said Dr Smith, who won the 
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978.

"We're simply re-writing the operating software for cells - we're not designing a genome from the bottom up - you can't 
drop a genome into a test tube and expect it to come to life," he added.

This is the stage which raises the most concern among critics, and where a new lifeform could be said to be truly 
created. How precisely will it behave? What will its impact be on other organisms and the environment? Some say it is a 
step too far, but others argue that the new field of synthetic biology is an important science.

Even bigger

The UK's Royal Society is seeking views from the public on the issue.

Adviser on synthetic biology, Dr Jason Chin, said the increasing ability to design and construct DNA sequences would, in 
principle, allow the construction of organisms for particular purposes, such as biofuels production.

He added: "Understanding how you construct organisms artificially is an important first step. But scientists still need 
to understand what effect altering the DNA sequence of an organism - such as bacteria - will have upon their behaviour."

Dr Drew Endy of the Department of Biological Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, US, said that 
re-constructing a natural bacterial genome from scratch was a great technical feat.

He said genomes 10 times larger than Mycoplasma JCVI-1.0 had already been assembled from existing DNA fragments by a 
Japanese group.

Dr Endy added: "Given the work already done in Japan, building genomes almost 10 million base-pairs long - I would be 
surprised if by 2012 it were not technically possible to routinely design and construct the genomes of any bacteria or 
single celled eukaryote, which also means that it will be possible to construct some mammalian chromosomes."

SEE ALSO
Creating life in the laboratory
19 Oct 07 |  Science/Nature
Team claims synthetic life feat
28 Jun 07 |  Science/Nature
First synthetic virus created
11 Jul 02 |  Science/Nature

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