Healthy soil and sustainable growing

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   "The question to challenge policy makers today is this, "What kind of 
system will we need when crude costs $300 per barrel? Since our current 
industrial agriculture model is based upon cheap energy, this is his number 
one concern. Fertilizers, pesticides, equipment manufacturing and operation, 
all rely upon cheap fossil fuels. When the cost of fossil fuels goes up, 
farming costs skyrocket. In Iowa, anhydrous ammonia went from $200 per ton to 
more than $1,000 per ton almost overnight when energy prices peaked in 2008. 
Farmers cannot operate profitably under such high input cost conditions."
~~~~~~~~~~

The 4 Major Threats To industrialized Agriculture --
Fred Kirschenmann Speaks
http://www.countercurrents.org/kalpa180910.htm
By Kalpa  18 September, 2010
Big Picture Agriculture

On September 3, 2010 I was fortunate to become acquainted with Fred 
Kirschenmann, a visionary in the field of agriculture. He spoke at the 
University of Colorado's "Local Foodshed Commons" conference which was 
sponsored, in part, by Transition Colorado.

Who is Fred Kirschenmann?

Fred Kirschenmann considers himself to be a philosopher and a farmer, holding 
a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Chicago. He was an organic 
farming pioneer, who transformed his family farm in North Dakota to certified 
organic back in 1980. The farm is a natural prairie livestock grazing system 
that combines a nine-crop rotation of cereal grains, forages, and green 
manure.

Kirschenmann is a Distinguished Fellow for the Leopold Center for Sustainable 
Agriculture at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa. He is President of Stone 
Barns Center for Food and Agriculture in Pocantico Hills, New York, also the 
site of the renowned eat-local Blue Hill Café. He holds and has held numerous 
other offices and appointments, including positions with the USDA, and in 
academia as Dean of Curry College in Boston, Massachusetts.

In 1995, Kirschenmann was profiled in an award-winning video, “My Father's 
Garden,” by Miranda Productions, Inc. A quote worth noting from the movie 
producer is this..."Food cannot grow forever on a damaged earth, but Fred's 
lesson is that we can bring health and beauty back into the Garden, if we are 
willing to cooperate with nature's infinite intelligence. This wisdom holds 
the secret to our children's future."

In 2010, Kirschenmann published a book, Cultivating an Ecological Conscience: 
Essays from a Farmer Philosopher (Culture of the Land). To quote Michael 
Pollan about the book, "Fred is one of the wisest, sanest, most practical, 
and most trusted voices in the movement to reform the American food system."

His Organic Farm in North Dakota

When his dad became ill in 1976, Fred went back home and turned the operation 
into a certified organic farm in 1980. This 3,500 acre farm is currently 
being transitioned to a younger farmer, using the state owned bank of North 
Dakota. This bank, formed in the populist/socialist days of the 1930's and 
the only one of its kind in the nation, now has a policy offering loans to 
beginning farmers at a rate of less than two percent annual. The program is 
already having a positive impact. Fred says that he is planning ahead by 
helping his follower get established to buy and takeover the farm for "when I 
go off to meet with the microbes".

His list of the Largest Problems Facing Agriculture:

1-Energy constraints

The question to challenge policy makers today is this, "What kind of system 
will we need when crude costs $300 per barrel? Since our current industrial 
agriculture model is based upon cheap energy, this is his number one concern. 
Fertilizers, pesticides, equipment manufacturing and operation, all rely upon 
cheap fossil fuels. When the cost of fossil fuels goes up, farming costs 
skyrocket. In Iowa, anhydrous ammonia went from $200 per ton to more than 
$1,000 per ton almost overnight when energy prices peaked in 2008. Farmers 
cannot operate profitably under such high input cost conditions. The Leopold 
Center expects crude oil to cost $200 per barrel in 4-5 years and $400 in 
5-10 years.

Increases in energy costs are also a factor in local food production. This is 
a complex issue since a small farmer driving his produce fifty miles to his 
nearest farmer's market can use relatively more energy than a full semi-truck 
of produce driving half-way across this country.

2-Water Availability

We have been drawing down our water supplies at an unsustainable rate. We 
have aggravated the water availability problem by ignoring soil health using 
industrialized systems. There are four main areas on the planet which are 
growing grain using rainfed agriculture. They are the central U.S., Brazil, 
Argentina, and edges of China.

Often, the population density areas match these same rainfed agricultural 
regions as displayed in the following map. [source]

The two main population centers, China and India are drawing down their water 
quickly. China, which relies upon irrigation for 80 percent of its grain 
production draws its aquifers down about ten feet per year and is drawing at 
depths of 1,000 feet in some places. India depends upon irrigation for 60 
percent of its grain production and is drawing down aquifers at twenty feet 
per year to depths of 2,000 feet some places.

According to Kirschenmann, in the U.S., where 20 percent of our grain 
production is dependent upon irrigation, we have depleted our Ogallala 
aquifer by one-half since 1960. We are drawing it down at a rate 1.3 trillion 
gallons faster than it can be replaced.

His water challenge is to use half as much water as we do now and refocus on 
soil health so we farm in healthy soils which have the ability to retain 
water.

3-Climate Change

The latest thinking is that changes in climate probably won't be gradual. 
Local eating will not solve extreme weather events effects upon agricultural 
production. To learn more, he encourages us to read the book, "The End of the 
Long Summer: Why We Must Remake Our Civilization to Survive on a Volatile 
Earth" by Dianne Dumanoski.

4-Ecological Degradation

Under this category he is concerned about the destruction of biodiversity, 
especially of previously healthy soils. The Rodale Institute tested water 
retention of soils according to content of organic matter and mulch and found 
that healthy soils containing organic matter retain much greater volumes of 
water. According to the Rodale Institute, soil containing 1% organic matter 
absorbs 33 pounds of water and 5% retains 135 pounds of water. He compared 
this to the irony of Monsanto wanting drought resistant seeds when the answer 
is in the soil quality, which same soil has been destroyed through the system 
embraced by Monsanto.

Kirschenmann referenced Dirt! The movie for learning more about soil.

Deborah Koons Garcia was present and joined him in a panel discussion about 
her upcoming movie, Symphony of the Soil, which was previewed earlier during 
"Eat Local" week here in Boulder.

Due to industrial agriculture systems, we have lost 75% of crop diversity 
over one-hundred years, and we've lost 33% of our animal species. To learn 
more, Kirschenmann recommends the book, "Where Our Food Comes From: Retracing 
Nikolay Vavilov's Quest to End Famine" by Gary Paul Nabhan.

Also, he mentions population stress with the prediction of 9 billion people 
by 2050, as well as the loss of human capital in farming in industrialized 
areas which are now comprised of overwhelmingly aged farmers.
~~~~~

In the next part of the talk, Kirschenman listed his reasons for optimism.

The Good News:

1-We are in a food revolution.

The next generation sees the world differently. The older people alive today 
wanted to control the world. The new generation wants to work with it. 
Through his work at the Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture in New 
York, he sees the many great young people working there who want to grow real 
food (not corn and soy). Seventy percent of them are now engaged in full time 
agriculture.

The problem is in the system, not the desire of the people. He stated that 
everyone now accepts the fact that government is dysfunctional so any change 
will happen from a grass roots level and that is, indeed, happening in the 
agriculture and food movement. He gave the positive example of people's 
actions being that there are now two CSA's in Pennsylvania which have reached 
annual sales of more than one million dollars in sales annually.

2-How Change Happens

He referenced the book, "Smart World: Breakthrough Creativity And the New 
Science of Ideas" by Richard Ogle. When people are dissatisfied with the 
current model, they embrace new ideas. The book uses the cubism style in art 
style a historical example. The book discusses the science of networks and 
new idea spaces. Ultimately, however, it's nature that rules, not humans, and 
not technology.

3-There is a difference between hope, optimism, and pessimism.

"Neither optimists nor pessimists help. Optimists think everything will turn 
out OK. Pessimists assume it won't. It's the hopeful people that we need."

4-The Concept of the Foodshed.

This concept didn't catch on until the food crisis of 2008. The foodshed is a 
model like a watershed. Growing food has to be appropriate to its locality or 
place. He referenced a Huffington Post article by Scott Stringer who wrote 
about the New York City Foodshed economics.

As an example of the benefit of keeping the economics of government school 
food spending local, Stringer suggested, "Just to give an example, twenty 
percent of the annual budget for the city's $435 million school food programs 
alone would mean an investment of more than $80 million in producers within 
the New York City foodshed."

Feeding an area is the No. 1 priority in a foodshed. Exports and imports are 
the second priority.

Also...

In regards to the recent Salmonella scare from mega-farm egg production and 
beef E. coli breakouts, he cited the book Normal Accidents: Living with 
High-Risk Technologies by Charles Perrow of Yale. Perrow says that accidents 
happen but we need to organize systems so that accidents don't become 
catastrophes.

When asked whether the world would be better off if everyone were vegetarian, 
Kirschenmann answered that animals are an important part of a food production 
system and he does not know of any ecological models without animals that 
works as well. The waste of one species becomes the food for another. "We 
need animals in the system. Vegetarians are good, though. We need grazers."

He sees the difficulty of the economic barrier of starting to farm by younger 
people a big problem. "How does the younger generation start farming these 
days? Iowa farmland now costs $5,000/acre. Add new equipment totaling one 
million dollars. What would happen if a young person went to a banker and 
said, 'I want to borrow three million dollars to start farming and I will 
have no net income.' What will the banker say?"

Kirschenmann quoted his friend, Bill Heffernan, who says the slogan for 
industrial agriculture should be "just eat it". Another quote he likes is by 
Paul Thompson, who says our goal now is to "Produce as much as possible 
regardless of cost."