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Extract from Deconstructing Early Israel: A New Hermeneutic
- From: "L.M. Barre" <barre AT c-zone.net>
- To: "ANE" <ane AT oi.uchicago.edu>, "B-Hebrew" <b-hebrew AT franklin.oit.unc.edu>
- Cc:
- Subject: Extract from Deconstructing Early Israel: A New Hermeneutic
- Date: 26 Apr 99 16:19:57 -0800
D. The Elohistic Interpretation of the Tetragrammaton (YHWH)
In a section of his account of the exodus, the Elohist introduces an interpretation of the divine Name. The central importance of this passage for the understanding Israelite history, tradition and religion has generated much discussion and debate. The heart of the episode reads as follows: Then Moses said to El(ohim), "I am to go, then, to the sons of Israel and say to them, 'The god of your fathers has sent me to you.' But if they ask me what his name is, what am I to tell them? And El(ohim) said to Moses, "I am becoming what I am Becoming. This," he added, "is what you must say to the sons of Israel: 'I am Becoming has sent me to you.'" And El(ohim) also said to Moses, "You are to say to the sons of Israel: 'YHWH, the god of your fathers, the god of Abraham, the god of Isaac, and the god of Jacob, has sent me to you." This is my name for all time; by this Name I shall be invoked for all generations to come. The unusual rendering of the Hebrew, 'eyeh aser 'eyeh as "I am becoming what I am Becoming" is informed by the fact that both the form and content of this formulaic _expression_ finds it closest parallel not in Semitic thought but in Hamitic or Egyptian ontological, mythic speculation. Its formulation, based on theological word-play on the verb "to be(come)," not only reveals that we are dealing with ontology in a strict sense, but also that such a formulation is characteristically Egyptian. Consider, for example, this comparable formulation taken from an Egyptian grammar regarding the verb, xeper ("to be[come]"): [and] who made come into being the beings who have come into being." We note three similarities to the formula found in the Elohist's tale. First, the divine name is predicated upon a repetition of a verb, the Egyptian version repeating it three times as subject, verb and object while the Hebrew version repeats it twice with the second occurrence functioning syntactically as an objective, subordinate predication introduced by the relative particle, aser. Although the syntax varies, the two formulations are similar in the central importance and repetition of the verb. Second, the verbs themselves, adjusting for the different cultures that produced them, are roughly semantic equivalents, both meaning "to be" or "to become." Third, both formulations are theological proclamations, intended to expose essential characteristics of a deity based upon a distinctively Egyptian, ontological perspective. As such, it stands apart from typical Semitic understandings of divinity, but is demonstrably at home within Egyptian religious tradition. Another extract may serve to illustrate the central role that the idea of xeper plays in Egyptian thought: The Book of Knowing of the rollings of Ra, and the overthrowing of Apep. [These are] the words which the god Neb-er-tcher spoke after he had come into being: "I am he who came into being in the form of Khepera, and I am the creator of everything which came into being; now the things which I had created, and which came forth out of my mouth after I had come into being myself, were exceedingly many. The sky (or, heaven) had not come into being, the earth did not exist, and the children of the earth, and the creeping things, had not been made at this time. I myself raise them from out of the Nu, from a state of helpless inertness." Upon consideration, it is not surprising that we should find a fragment of Egyptian ontological thought embedded in the Elohist's narrative since the tradition is ascribed to Moses, the Egyptian advocate and eventual leader of the Hebrew slaves. The style and content of the formulaic interpretation of the Name is compatible with the conclusion that we are dealing with a teaching that did indeed descend from Moses as something of a Levitical catechism that ingeniously sums up the essential teaching of Moses' understanding of God as adapted to Hebrew Yahwism. As such, the formulaic understanding has become "demythologized," stripped of Egyptian mythology and distilled into a purely ontological statement that become compatible with Hebrew culture among the relatively esoteric religious traditions of the Levites. That the tradition lived on until the post-exilic era is shown by the fact that the Priestly Writer knew and utilized the Memphite Theology in his creation account, distinguished by its notion of creation not through the traditional Semitic notion of theomachy but through the Hamitic concept of creation through divine fiat by both Ptah and Elohim. We must also recognize that the Elohist is expressing in a form of syncretism that sought to combine the Hebrew concept of Yahweh Sabaoth, the Israelite concept of El as the god of the fathers, and Moses' Egyptian concept of divine ontology. This he does by reinterpreting the three religions as essentially equivalent. The divine warrior Yahweh Sabaoth now becomes "Yihwah" through his reading of the Tetragrammaton as a Qal rather than a Hiphil stem under the influence of the Egyptian formulation. El, the god of the patriarchs, is simply equated through proclamation with both Yihwah and the great I am Becoming. The Priestly Writer was well aware on the Elohist's syncretistic intention and brilliantly reproduced it in his pithy, poetic couplet that strikes one as another example of Levitical catechism: "I am Yahweh. I appeared as El Shaddai to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, but by my name Yahweh I was not known to them." With the same intention that informed the Elohist, the Priestly Writer utilizes the same setting to equate Yahweh of the Hebrew southern tribes, El of the Aramean northern tribes, and the Elohim of the Egyptian-Levitical tradition that was introduced by Moses. Taking his cue from the Elohist, the Priestly Writer perpetuated a brilliant synthesis that eventually led to the ascendancy of monotheism within exilic and post-exilic theological thought by overcoming the polytheism that was inherent in the acknowledgement of the historic and separate identities of El and Yahweh. Both gods were absorbed into the more abstract and speculative Egyptian concept of God as an ontological entity. L. M. Barre, Ph.D. barre AT c-zone.net www.angelfire.com/ca2/AncientIsrael |
- Extract from Deconstructing Early Israel: A New Hermeneutic, L.M. Barre, 04/26/1999
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