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- From: Lloyd Barre <barre AT c-zone.net>
- To: "B-Hebrew" <b-hebrew AT franklin.oit.unc.edu>
- Cc:
- Subject: Interpreting Ancient Palestinian Literature
- Date: 21 Apr 99 12:49:58 -0800
Dear List,
It has come to my attention that it may be helpful to provide some basic considerations with regard to attaining an understanding of ancient Israelite traditions. To that end, let me offer these: 1) For the sake of clarity, it is best to think of the writings contained in the Old Testament divorced of any concept of it being a book that implies extraordinary unity of content or authorship. Objectively defined, the Hebrew Bible is a diverse and heterogeneous collection of a copious number of compositions, most clearly indicated the hundreds of literary genres found within. Limited to hymnic compositions alone, it contains more than 150. Add to this the number of instances of compositions that belong to the generic classifications of proverb, letter, fable, myth, oracle, lamentation, list, legend, tale and many others. Therefore, particularly because of Judaic and Christian traditions that most often seek to understand this literature as in some way unified in terms of divine authorship and content, methodological clarity necessitates that we do not become seduced by such theological, "unitary" language as implied by terms such as the Old Testament, the Hebrew Bible, Sacred Scripture, Scripture, Canon, the Word of God and the like. In an academic context, that proceeds form non-theological premises, I think it wise to avoid such designations without qualification. Thus my coining "ancient Palestinian tradition" to refer to this highly diverse collection of ancient writings. 2) Apart from certain schools of literary interpretation, which do not regard meaning as intended, the interpretation of this body of traditions requires an investigation of the communities that produced them. In this regard, it is important to establish an ad quem date which can be fixed by the translation of the Septuagint sometime between the 3rd and the 1st century BCE. From here, we can push it back still further with the recognition that the Greek translation worked from a Hebrew Vorlage or Vorlagen that we may surmise was in existence for at least a century or two prior. The traditional view of biblical scholarship most often sees this stage of the development of the tradition beginning in the 5th century with Ezra's Commonwealth at which time Judaism found its identity not in independent statehood but in their sacred writings. 3) An inspection of the collection itself reveals that this collection is comprised of smaller literary entities that have been edited or redacted together. The superscriptions in prophetic, hymnic and wisdom literature, particularly the Proverbs, clearly indicate the activity of scribes. In additions, the massive narrative block in Genesis through 2 Kings is replete with obvious indications of compositional conflation on many levels, from the incorporation of oral compositions to the fusing of very extensive narrative blocks. In Pentateuchal studies, the documentary hypothesis for which Wellhausen is most famous generated the thesis that a relatively late, literary stage produce J, E, P and D. D was consequently detached compositional from the Pentateuch and later understood as the introduction to Noth's Dueteronomistic History. Accordingly, an irrespective how these particular positions, the compositional model is one that resembles an "exploded view" as one finds in auto manuals. Thousands of compositions have in the course of time been gathered and edited to finally produce the writings we now find in the first major section of our Bibles. Further, while it is true that one author may compose a work to include many genres, their numbers are such that we are compelled to the conclusion that at least hundreds, eve thousands of composers and editors have contributed to this vast and diverse collection of writings. 3) This literary deconstruction of this body of tradition is such that a considerable length of time must be admitted to allow its organic development. A common estimate would be about a millennium, reach upwards of c. 1220 BCE at which time the first firm date is provided for the existence of Israel by the Merneptah Stele. Of course, that Israel too had its cultural traditions, some of which came from the time before the name change of traditional name Jacob to the non- traditional name of Israel, a political development which is presupposed and advocated by the legend of Penuel. 4) The highly complex literary remains and the lengthy time needed to produce it in its pre-LXX, Hebrew form is living demonstration that it, in terms of the ancient Near East, a highly literate and sophisticated culture produced these writings. Due to the patent simplicity of my argument, the conclusion not open to debate. In this regard and at this time, it is especially important that nothing can disturb these rudimentary, logical baby-steps. Some would claim that all of this is obvious and to oppose is to run the risk flunking one's qualifying exams or losing one's credibility in learned discussion. 5) More subtle but equally naive is the amateur conclusion that a distinction between textual and non-textual data is meaningful. It is simply arbitrary and silly to think that the common contrast between archaeological data and the literary data is are different in anyway beyond linguistic convenience. It is similar to the "book" problem mentioned above. We just have data, taking a variety of forms. 6) A consistent methodology seeks to produce a grand interpretation or synthetic reconstruction that coordinates all the data. In this regard, many are disturbed by the fact that our data is not presently coherent. The literary data, both intra-biblical and extra-biblical (another meaningless dichotomy) on the one hand presumes a formidable presence in ancient Palestine from the Iron Age on while non-literary data severely contradicts that certain conclusion. The situation can be made sense of only by one conclusion: our semi-lost civilization still remains buried in Palestinian soil. No other conclusion is possible. In this regard, the current attempt to "transform" this highly heterogeneous body of tradition into a "mythic" genre that was alleged created by a people are tremendous imagination some time in or after the post-exilic period is impossible. Neither the demands of time needed to produce this collection, nor the vast amount compositionally diverse writings exclude this conclusion. Indeed, to maintain that this collection was the product of post-exilic Judaism forces the conclusion that these writers were not merely archaizing, but producing a literary hoax of miraculous dimensions and of supernatural detail. Is this a more convincing position than the alternative that maintains that material Israel is yet to be discovered? No, it is not, without apology. 7) Part of the confusion indited above arise from a general naivete regarding an adequate understanding of hermeneutics. It was not until this century that biblical scholarship recognized the central importance of genre determination in liteary criticism. Simply as a result of ignorance, not stupidity, the biblical narratives were anachronically understood as intended to convey direct information such as we find in our newspapers, or in The National Geographic. To do so not only false interprets all biblical narratives a belonging to one genre, it unconsciously assigns them to a genre that did not exist. The view that sees the traditions about the patriarchs, Moses, Joshua, Samuel, David, Solomon and other heroic figures as "documentaries" of their lives in times is founded upon a fatal and preposterous idea. The composers of these ancient tradition had no thought or intention of doing such. Internal evidence of the most basic sort shows this clearly. Consider the characterizations, the dialogues and the events presented. Upon inspection, it is clear that imagination has dominated the portrayal and that the intent is not to provide the "facts." We need only raise a few interrogative to show this as: how did the writer know this? or had was this "information" remember verbatim, and how was it passed down through history? Biblical narratives are predominated by the genre of legend, in which a story has grown up around certain famous people who were involved in dramatic events. I think of the legends of the Old West in American culture as comparable. 8) Finally, within the maximalist-minimalist controversy, the position of the minimalists rightly emphasizes that these stories are not to be understood as belonging to the literary genre of what we technically define as "history." But it seems to me that some error in wishing to simplistically and loosely reclassify them as one and as "fiction" or "myth." On the other hand, it is not acceptable to come to the impossible conclusion that the civilization that produced these numbers and kinds of traditions did not exist in ancient Palestine because no material remains are in evidence. Keep digging. It must be there. For in cannot be found in post-exilic Judaism. L. M. Barre, Ph.D. barre AT c-zone.net www.angelfire.com/ca2/AncientIsrael |
-
Interpreting Ancient Palestinian Literature,
Lloyd Barre, 04/21/1999
- <Possible follow-up(s)>
- Re: Interpreting Ancient Palestinian Literature, peter_kirk, 04/21/1999
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