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- From: Lloyd Barre <barre AT c-zone.net>
- To: "B-Hebrew" <b-hebrew AT franklin.oit.unc.edu>
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- Subject: Thinking out loud
- Date: 06 Feb 99 13:14:28 -0800
Fellow History Buffs,
It seems to me that the great value of the El Amarna letters is that they reflect the socio-political landscape of Canaan in the 14th century, the portrait of the political life of Palestine which we have no reason to think was significantly altered in the centuries that follow. The war that resulted in the removal of Egyptian hegemony would not have significantly dismantled the general political climate of Palestine. The centers of political power in the "city-states" ruled by kings of Megiddo, Shechem, Jerusalem, Hebron,&n! bsp;Debir, Eglon, Lachish and Jarmuth continued to exist and exert their influence following the change in power that resulted from the war. One of the forces that participated in the war and emerged as victor are known from the Meneptah stele (c. 1229). Furthermore, the stele presumes that Israel was already present in the land and an enemy of Egypt. Meneptah's campaign against Israel therefore took place after the decisive war that threw off Egyptian control of Palestine. Thus the date of the war over control of Palestine must be dated between the reign of Ahkenaton and c. 1229. If we accept that Rameses II (1301-1234) is the Pharaoh of the exodus traditions, then we may narrow the dates to the first half of the 13th century, with time enough for Meneptah to attack Israel and erect his stele. The mention of "Israel" on the stele also affords a opportunity for some "historical lexicography." Who is the deity referred to in the name, this El? He was certainly the high god of this people. Nor is there one wit of justification to find here some sort of double entendre though which Yahweh is somehow introduced. Bad lexicography. Irrational, in fact. And that's not all. It is certainly impossible to explain the El sanctuaries of Bethel, Peniel and the temple of El Berith in Shechem as ! ;Yahwistic. They couldn't have god the name of the god wrong, could have they, or wished to cloak it in a double meaning? No, as Jacob proclaimed, El is the god of Israel (Gen 33:20). Can it be more clear? Which word don't we understand? I don't see much hope for any serious progress in constructing a history of Israel without facing the fact that El is the god of Israel, and El is not Yahweh, at least in the 13th century. With regard to Deut 32:7-9, I believe that I made&nbs! p;a decent case for finding here an old tradition in which Yahweh is the son of Elyon, one of the bene elim, an interpretion that is supported by Ps 29, 82 and 89. What emerges is a "lost" religion from the north in which El presides over a pantheon into which Yahweh was introduced. That El and Yahweh were separate gods should be immediately apparent from the fact that they have different names! Now if indeed El was the high god of the people Israel, then what people worshipped Yahweh. They were not Israelites, not originally anyway. I think it is safe to say that they lived somewhere near Sinai, Yahweh's mountain sanctuary. The song of Deborah and the Blessing of Moses find him coming from Teman/Paran/Seir. If he came from there, so did his people. The area is geographically remote from Israel. It is next to Judah, where we find the Abraham traditions located. It short, Yahwism was&nbs! p;a local phenomenon that originally had no contact with Israel's worship of El. So I think that historians must face the fact that the study of early Israel is in fact the study of two different peoples with separate religions that came into historical dialogue. Am I making some kind of methodological mis-step here? I don't see where. Two, not one. Regards, Lloyd M. Barre, Ph.D. barre AT c-zone.net http://www.angelfire.com/ca2/AncientIsrael "Do I dare  Disturb the universe?"  T.S. Eliot from, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock." (1917) |
- Thinking out loud, Lloyd Barre, 02/06/1999
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