None of these, I think, is readily construed in terms of double negation, and I
would take the point to be that God has 'put eternity in their heart, without
that which the human cannot discover (for himself) - the work which God has
done'. In other words, humans have been given incomplete knowledge, with a
deficit which they cannot fill for themselves. I think this fits in well with
8.17, which includes a rather similar statement. Overall, I would understand Q.
to be suggesting that God has given humans a glimpse of how much there is to
know, but not knowledge of his own actions, so that they are driven to occupy
themselves in a quest for an understanding which they are not, in fact, capable
of achieving.
In short, then, I don't think that there's a double negation here, but 'without'
+ a negative relative clause, all qualifying the preceding statement. The
relative clause is in the 'backward' form 'what is y ... (that is), x' (e.g. in
English 'I like what I'm reading, a book by ...).
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