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  • From: "Tradingpost" <tradingpost@lobo.net>
  • To: livingontheland@lists.ibiblio.org
  • Subject: [Livingontheland] SPIN-Farming: advancing urban agriculture from pipe dream to populist movement
  • Date: Sat, 15 Jan 2011 15:29:49 -0700


Much of this mirrors the way we plan and market tho I don't follow anyone's
prescription religiously (spiritually maybe, but not religiously ;-)

paul tradingpost@lobo.net
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

SPIN-Farming: advancing urban agriculture from pipe dream to populist movement
http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol3iss2/communityessay.christensen.html
Roxanne Christensen
Co-author, SPIN-Farming, an online learning series on subacre farming (email:
rchristensen@infocommercegroup.com)

Author's Personal Statement
I began advocating for urban agriculture in Philadelphia in 1998. What
appealed to me is what draws many people to the cause: its social and
environmental benefits are obvious and easy to understand. But it quickly
became apparent that, compelling though they are, these benefits were not
enough to motivate policy makers in a position to help urban agriculture
succeed on any kind of scale. Instead, the economic benefits that many
proponents had long acknowledged in theory, but few were able to demonstrate,
had to be proven. SPIN-Farming is a very powerful tool for validating the
economic viability of urban agriculture. However, while I had initially
focused on solving some urban problems, it became clear that SPIN could also
help to revive the farming profession, and this is where my professional
background came into play. My working life has been spent helping
entrepreneurs position, package, and promote their ideas and build them into
successful businesses. In helping to develop SPIN, I applied that experience
to farming. The big opportunities I see for SPIN-Farming are that it provides
a farming concept that can be learned and practiced across all economic
classes and geographical boundaries, and that it will foster engaged, rather
than escapist, agriculture, whereby farmers return to cities and towns and
rebuild local food systems that are human in scale and joyful in spirit.

Citation: Christensen, R. 2007. SPIN-Farming: advancing urban agriculture
from pipe dream to populist movement Sustainability: Science, Practice, &
Policy 3(2):57-60.
http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol3iss2/communityessay.christensen.html.

Published online August 28, 2007

Though social idealists in the United States and elsewhere have advanced the
philosophical and moral imperatives of urban agriculture for decades, this
has not been enough to motivate government and urban agencies to accord it
the status and support of other industries. These circumstances have
relegated urban farming to an add-on to not-for-profit “feel good” projects
and kept much of its potential untapped. Recently, however, a different case
for urban agriculture is gaining ground, one based on more practical concerns
(for an overview refer to Mougeot, 2005).

Foremost among these concerns is that vast tracts of farmland continue to be
lost to development. As suburban encroachment erodes the rural way of life,
agriculture is having to adapt. For the first time in history, a majority of
the American population is living in urban or peri-urban areas. As the United
States Department of Agriculture (2000) notes,

Urban agriculture is an alternative to what has been labeled conventional
agriculture. However, it should not be considered solely an alternative means
of producing food; it also is a viable adaptive function and response to
urbanization. Urban agriculture is not so much an alternative to existing
agricultural systems as it is an established branching of modern sustainable
agricultural systems.

Second, more and more people want a direct connection to the food they eat.
The reasons have become personal, not altruistic. Diet-related diseases,
food-safety concerns, pollution created by transporting food great distances,
water shortages, record heat waves, and extreme weather events are impinging
directly on people’s lives. And even when events do not have direct impacts,
media coverage brings the damage very close to home and fosters a widespread
awareness that today’s most pressing problems are directly linked to the
health of our food system. Increasingly, urban and suburban consumers
want—and are willing to pay premium pricing for the opportunity—to know the
face behind their food.

Third, growing numbers of policy makers are acknowledging the value of
quality-of-life issues in attracting residents back to cities. Sustainability
has gone beyond a buzzword and is now spurring specific plans for significant
change in how cities function. Producing food for residents within municipal
borders is a cornerstone of these plans. Some cities are considering, or have
actually implemented, initiatives that require meeting a quota of their food
needs through local food producers. This has very positive implications for
commercial urban farming. The emerging consensus on climate change is also
providing impetus to rebuild local and regional farming systems, and for
supporting smaller, sustainable farms that are less energy intensive. People
knowledgeable about cities, together with people knowledgeable about
agriculture, are now beginning to recognize that commercial urban farming
needs to play a role in the contemporary food production system.

While individuals in a position to help establish urban agriculture on a
meaningful scale are at last finding the will and justification to do so,
there is also, now, a way. It is called SPIN-Farming and it is the first
method (1) to marshal the entrepreneurial benefits of urban farming; (2) to
turn the challenges posed by urbanization to the farmer’s advantage; (3) to
make farming compatible with high-density population; and (4) to remove the
two biggest barriers to entry for first generation farmers–land and startup
capital. Urban agriculture therefore enables many more people to enter the
farming profession.

SPIN stands for Small Plot INtensive.1 The system was developed and is
practiced by a Canadian farmer named Wally Satzewich who farms 25 plots
located in residential backyards throughout Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
Satzewich’s farming career began traditionally. He and his wife, Gail
Vandersteen, initially started farming on an acre-sized plot outside of
Saskatoon twenty years ago. Thinking that expanding acreage was critical to
their success, they bought some farmland adjacent to the South Saskatchewan
River forty miles north of Saskatoon where they eventually grew vegetables on
about twenty acres of irrigated land.

After six years farming their rural site, the couple noticed that they were
growing high-value crops like spinach, salad mix, carrots, and radishes in
their backyard plot in town and low-value crops like potatoes, peas, and
beans on their acreage in the country. This recognition led Satzewich to
realize other advantages to subacre (less than an acre) farming in town.

In town, his irrigation system was the water faucet–he did not have to rely
on fluctuating river levels. He and his wife comprised the work crew for his
subacre plots; they did not have to depend on outside labor. The financials
showed that, though the overhead costs of a subacre operation are a fraction
of those for a large-scale conventional farm, their bottom lines were
similar. It was at this point that Satzewich realized that a subacre farmer
could earn significant income with a lot less stress and a lot less overhead
and with much more certainty of success from year to year. Satzewich sold his
farm in the country and his experiment in subacre city-based farming became
the basis for the SPIN-Farming system.
What makes SPIN different from other “small scale” farming schemes is that it
outlines a process for growing commercially on subacre land bases. Farmers
need own little, if any, land. SPIN can be practiced on only 1,000 square
feet, or it can be located on a half-acre of municipally-owned land, or it
can be multi-sited on several residential backyards.

What also sets SPIN-Farming apart is that it requires minimal infrastructure
and is therefore low capital intensive. Its major investments include
commercial refrigeration capacity, a post-harvesting station, and a shed.
Irrigation relies on the municipal water supply and the system consists of
inexpensive garden hoses that can be purchased at most hardware or garden
supply stores. The only mechanized equipment is a rototiller. Because of its
subacre scale, labor requirements for a SPIN farm are minimal and can be
readily obtained within a network of family, friends, or the local community.

In addition to its subacre and low capital-intensive orientation, what
differentiates SPIN from other farming systems is that it ties crop
production to specific revenue targets. Its revenue targeting formula is
based on balancing production between high and low value crops, segmenting a
farm into different levels of production intensity, and formulating
market-driven planting plans. It also outlines specific workflow practices so
that the farming operation can be managed like any other type of small
business. So while other systems focus on growing techniques, SPIN outlines
how to approach farming as a small business.

SPIN is also environmentally friendly. It is based on all-organic practices
and its reliance on biological cooperation keeps operating overhead low. Most
farm inputs are generated onsite and there is very little waste. In contrast
to traditional large-scale agriculture’s aim to produce predictable and
uniform results from soils and plants, subacre farming unleashes a natural
set of variables and is based on continual trial and error. SPIN farmers can
be out constantly tending their plots and can be always vigilant to soil
health and pest imbalance. Some of the main biological principles are:
healthy soil produces healthy plants; natural resources such as water and
biomass are meant to be conserved and recycled; and stable ecosystems are
diverse. By respecting natural forces, SPIN demonstrates that the more
sustainable a farm’s agricultural practices, the more economically viable is
its business.

The following points comprise the key concepts of the SPIN-Farming system:

* Subacre land base–SPIN transfers commercial farming techniques to
subacre land bases. Farmers do not need to own much or any land to start
their operations, and operations can be single or multi-sited.
* Structured work flow practices–SPIN outlines a deliberate and
disciplined day-by-day work routine so that the wide variety of farm tasks
can be easily managed without any one task becoming overwhelming.
* High-road/Low-road–SPIN distinguishes between different harvesting
techniques. The high-road utilizes commercial refrigeration equipment;
low-road harvesting does not.
* High-value crops–SPIN devotes most of its land base to the production
of high-value crops, defined as those that generate at least US$100 per crop
per bed.
* Relay cropping–SPIN calls for the sequential growing of crops in a
single bed.
o Intensive relays–Three to four crops per bed per season are grown.
o Birelays–Two crops per bed per season are grown.
o Single relay–One crop per bed per season is grown.
* 1-2-3 bed layout–This term refers to the three different areas of a
SPIN farm devoted to the different levels of production intensity.
* 75/25 land allocation–This principle dictates how much land is assigned
to the different levels of production on a SPIN farm. The aim is to balance
production between high-value and low-value crops to produce a steady revenue
stream and to target revenue based on farm size.
* Farm layout–SPIN provides guidelines for segmenting a land base into a
series of beds separated by access alleys, which are small two-foot strips,
just wide enough for a rototiller. An acre accommodates approximately 400
standard size beds, including the necessary paths and access alleys. SPIN can
also be incorporated into more traditional approaches to land allocation.
* Standard size beds–SPIN utilizes beds that are two feet wide by 25 feet
long.
* Revenue targeting formula–By growing high-value crops worth US$100 per
harvest per bed, and by practicing intensive relay cropping that produces at
least three crops per bed per season, SPIN targets US$300 in gross sales per
bed per season. With 400 beds per acre, the maximum revenue potential is 400
beds x US$300 per bed per season = US$120,000 gross sales per acre. When
farming is approached in terms of beds instead of acres, the result is a very
precise idea of how much growing space can be utilized, and how that space
can be managed to generate predictable and steady income.
* Organic-based–SPIN relies on all-organic farming practices. There are
minimal off-farm inputs and very little waste.
* Crop diversity–A SPIN product line contains a much wider diversity of
crops than most contemporary farming, with some SPIN farms producing over 100
different varieties and 50 different types of crops per season. However, SPIN
also provides models that specialize in a particular crop.
* Season extension is optional–SPIN does not rely on season extension to
expand production; however season extension can be used to push SPIN yields
and income significantly higher.
* Direct marketing–SPIN bases crop selection on what local markets want.
Being close to markets allows for constant product feedback and ensures a
loyal and dependable customer base. “Grow what you sell, do not sell what you
grow,” is the SPIN farmer’s mantra.
* Mix-and-match multiple unit pricing–SPIN’s marketing approach is to
pre-bag produce items and sell them at certain price tiers–for example,
US$3.00/unit or any two for US$5.00.
* Commercial refrigeration capacity–SPIN calls for commercial
refrigeration capacity because cooling crops immediately after they are
harvested retains their quality which supports premium pricing. Refrigeration
also provides control over the harvest schedule and allows for a manageable
workflow.
* Minimal mechanization and infrastructure–SPIN’s most important and
costly equipment is a rototiller and a walk-in cooler or upright produce
cooler. All other SPIN implements and infrastructure can be sourced at local
garden supply or hardware stores.
* “Home-based” work crew–Supplemental labor requirements for a SPIN farm
are minimal and can be readily obtained within a network of family, friends,
and/or the local community.
* Use of existing water sources–SPIN relies on local water service or
wells for all of its irrigation needs.
* Low capital intensive–SPIN farms have minimal infrastructure and
minimal overhead to keep start-up and operating expenses manageable. The
bottom line is little or no debt.

The intricacies of the SPIN system go far beyond what is outlined above, but
this itemized list gives an idea of how SPIN can produce significant revenue
from subacre land bases. Compared to a large-scale operation, a subacre farm
can produce the same, or even greater, income, with much less stress and
overhead and much more certainty of success from year to year.

Who is starting to practice this new spin on growing food? Some have been
educated in other professions, or have had other careers. Some have home or
community-gardening experience, while others have never had dirt under their
fingernails. Some come from traditional farm families, but most do not.

SPIN farmers are refugees from unsatisfying jobs. Or they are seeking to
balance their mentally demanding computer-oriented work with some purposeful
exercise. Some people pursue farming full-time, others part-time. Some
adherents have more money than they know what to do with, while others have
less than they need. What unites them all is an ability to view and practice
farming in a new way.

People who take up SPIN farming have a sense of idealism/romanticism,
embracing independence and a pioneering spirit that is tempered by a
pragmatic capacity for consistent effort. They recognize that cities are
impulsive, boisterous, spontaneous, and competitive, while agriculture is
plodding, tranquil, deliberate, and deferential. And they are capable of
envisioning a world where for one to be right, the other does not have to be
wrong.

Whether SPIN farmers establish their farmsteads in the middle of urban
jungles or sprawling suburbia, they are all uniting behind SPIN to advance
engaged, rather than escapist, agriculture. They are returning to the cities
and towns that have segregated food production beyond their borders and are
re-introducing the practice of intelligent, dedicated craft- and soil-based
farming. They are making food production visible and palatable and
galvanizing their neighbors around an activity that delivers both economic
and environmental benefits. And they are bringing the well-documented
redemptive power of agriculture to their communities in a commercially viable
manner.

Examples of SPIN-Farming in practice include:

* A woman at the University of Minnesota who has created a subacre campus
farm, sends emails about produce availability to people on her customer list
each week, and harvests and delivers exactly what is needed to fulfill orders.
* A food co-op in Oklahoma City that is organizing a cooperative of local
SPIN-Farmers so that it has a steady and reliable supply.
* A writer in Norfolk, Virginia, who has converted her backyard to
subacre production to supplement her income.
* A woman in Kewanee, Illinois, who specializes in salad mix and sells
via an email list.
* A man in Napa Valley who is redeveloping a mobile home trailer park and
is incorporating SPIN-style farm plots into the individual residences.
* A woman who is redeveloping eight acres on a housing project in Milton,
Florida, which sustained extensive hurricane damage, incorporates subacre
SPIN-style farms to help residents generate income to offset the cost of
their homes.
* A semiretired man in Zanesville, Ohio, who is farming a quarter-acre
backyard and selling at the Muskingum County farmer’s market.
* An urban farming organization in Buffalo, New York, that is using SPIN
to convert 2.25 acres of vacant lots to a sustainable farming operation that
will sell commercially as well as provide free distribution to low-income
neighborhood residents.
* An immigrant senior center in Edmonton, Alberta, that is using SPIN to
create an urban farming training program for immigrant seniors.

SPIN-Farming has more possible applications for individuals as well as
developers, planners, and nongovernmental organizations. By recasting farming
as a small business in a city or town, SPIN is providing people with a tool
for redefining farming for the 21st century–subacre, low capital intensive,
environmentally friendly, close to markets, entrepreneurially driven. This
trend is helping to undo the image of urban farming as an activity of last
resort for the downtrodden and the disadvantaged. It is redirecting aspiring
farmers away from traditional agricultural products that lose money and
toward products that meet the needs of urban and suburban customers. And it
is helping to accelerate the progression of urban agriculture from an elitist
pipe dream to a populist movement that cuts across geography, generations,
incomes, and ideologies to provide common ground, quite literally, beneath
everyone’s feet.

Notes

1 Further details about SPIN-Farming are available at
http://www.spinfarming.com. See also, Ramsay (2007).

References

Mougeot, L. 2005. Agropolis: The Social, Political, and Environment
Dimensions of Urban Agriculture. London: Earthscan.

Ramsay, M. 2007. Urban Agriculture: Redefining Urban Communities Through
Local Growing. Masters Thesis. Department of Engineering. University of
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2750

United States Department of Agriculture. 2000. Urban Agriculture: An
Abbreviated List of References and Resource Guide 2000. Beltsville, MD:
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service.
http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/AFSIC_pubs/urbanag.htm.






  • [Livingontheland] SPIN-Farming: advancing urban agriculture from pipe dream to populist movement, Tradingpost, 01/15/2011

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