Healthy soil and sustainable growing

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http://www.mcclatchydc.com/226/story/41640.html

Global quandary: How to feed a growing planet
By Jack Chang | McClatchy Newspapers

In the lakeside capital of the central African country of Burundi, 
40-year-old Lucie Nahimana on Thursday fed her family of six "black flour," a 
low-quality cassava root that many here have resorted to eating because they 
can't afford anything else.

Thousands of miles away, in the port city of Tianjin, China, physician Ning 
Aimin scanned the shelves of her supermarket for yogurt, a food that was 
practically unheard-of here a decade ago but has become a favorite of many of 
China's newly affluent.

On a chilly highway outside Gualeguaychu, Argentina, 10 trucks carrying 
enough rice to feed 3 million people in one day sat stranded on the side of 
the road, casualties of a 100-day-long farm strike that's paralyzed that 
country's giant grain industry.

These three episodes, all on Thursday, are interconnecting pieces of what's 
emerged as one of the biggest challenges facing the planet: how to feed 
humanity in this age of skyrocketing food and energy prices.

The problem is a global one, in which a breakdown anywhere in the food chain 
sets dire consequences in motion and in which the root causes range from 
rising consumption in Asia to growing biofuel production in the United States 
and Europe to dwindling supplies of water in the Middle East.

"The world is running now to keep up with demand," said Abdolreza Abbassian, 
a grain analyst with the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization. "Any 
interruption in the global picture affects supplies."

Already, some 800 million people around the world suffer from chronic food 
shortages, and millions more could go hungry because of the widening food 
crisis.

Rising food prices hit the urban poor the hardest, those who throng the slums 
of sprawling capitals such as Lagos, Nigeria, Manila, Philippines, and 
Caracas, Venezuela.

>From 2007 to 2008, world prices for soybeans increased by 29 percent, while 
>prices for wheat grew by 40 percent and rice prices jumped by 53 percent, 
>according to a World Bank study. Food prices had stayed largely stable from 
>1995 until the end of 2006, the study found.

The recent price spike was the result of problems such as unfavorable weather 
in grain-exporting countries such as Australia and dwindling food stocks in 
Europe, according to the U.N. food organization. The coming year's food 
stocks promise to be thin as well, with floods in the U.S. Midwest and 
political turmoil in Argentina cutting back grain production.

Yet the problem is long-term, as the world's food-production machine fails to 
keep up with rising demand. The U.N. organization estimates that the problem 
won't go away for five to 10 years, and that's only if farmers around the 
world come up with new technology to increase efficiencies and boost 
production to meet the rising needs.

"The hope is that these high prices will inspire more production around the 
world," Abbassian said. "During this transition, however, people in poor 
countries are going to be the most affected."

That means folks such as Nahimana, who said Thursday that her monthly food 
budget of about $100 bought only about two-thirds of what it used to, so the 
family's meals are smaller and incredibly basic.

They usually eat just once a day, like most families in Bujumbura these days. 
Nahimana hasn't bought vegetables for several days, because soaring gas 
prices have made cabbage and other greens, which must be trucked in from the 
countryside, far too expensive.

In Burundi, where nine in 10 people live on less than $1 a day, a day's 
serving of rice or beans now costs more than the average daily wage.

"I know the children are not eating well, and that they go to bed hungry," 
the petite mother of four said. "I am afraid for their health."

Perhaps the region hit the hardest is sub-Saharan Africa, where, despite 
great agricultural potential, the majority of countries import most of their 
food. The U.N. food organization reports that of the 37 worst-affected 
countries worldwide, 21 are in Africa.

The crisis has exacerbated troubles in strife-torn Zimbabwe and in southern 
Somalia, where even locally grown corn is up to four times more expensive 
than a year ago, the U.N. reports.

In a report this week, the Africa Progress Panel, a group of experts chaired 
by former U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan, warned: "Unless some way can be 
found to halt and reverse the current trend in food prices, there will be a 
significant increase in hunger, malnutrition, and in infant and child 
mortality."

Despite the hopes of food experts, however, the world's farmers are facing an 
ever-tougher battle to produce more to feed families such as Nahimana's.

As panic has rippled through some corners of the global grain market, prices 
for grains have grown more volatile. That frightens farmers already dealing 
with soaring costs for fertilizer, herbicides and fuel. Some wonder whether 
they should plant again and risk a sudden drop in prices.

That was the dilemma of Argentine farmer Haroldo Dorn, who was manning a 
roadblock near Gualeguaychu in central Argentina to prevent trucks from 
transporting grains to markets and ports.

The farmers were protesting a recent export-tax increase targeting soybean 
growers, a tax hike that the government says will force farmers to share with 
the rest of the country their record revenue from rising grain prices.

Farmers such as Dorn, however. say that soaring expenses and uncertainty 
about future prices have offset those rising profits.

"The need of the world is food, but what this government wants is to keep all 
the money for themselves," Dorn said. "We are just barely keeping up with 
rising costs."

On Thursday, rain fell on Gualeguaychu for the first time since February, 
which usually would be a sign for farmers to start planting wheat. This time, 
however, there was little enthusiasm for the break in the weather, as farmers 
stuck to the strike.

As a result, growers estimate that Argentina's wheat production will drop by 
a third this year.

"Argentina is a top exporter of wheat, corn and soybeans, and the farmers' 
actions have been one of the big factors in high prices," said Abbassian, of 
the U.N. food organization.

A few years ago, such isolated problems wouldn't have caused much global 
turmoil, as the world's food machine had enough reserve capacity to handle 
occasional bumps in the road.

Those margins have shrunk to nearly nothing, however, and one of the top 
reasons is growing consumption in China, India and other emerging world 
powers.

China's meteoric growth, in particular, already has stressed world supplies 
of energy and raw materials. Now the country's 1.3 billion people are 
demanding more and better food.

Having increased the amount of meat they eat by more than one-third in a 
little more than a decade, China soon will be competing for grains on the 
international market with nations such as Egypt, Haiti, Cameroon and 
Indonesia, where food riots and protests erupted earlier this year.

China also is losing production capacity, with urban sprawl gobbling up 
farmland at a steady rate. China has been losing about 1 percent of its 
arable land each year this decade, and officials say that the 470,000 square 
miles of arable land now available are barely 7,000 square miles above the 
minimum needed for food security.

The effects of the Chinese consumption boom have rippled across Asia and hit 
hardest in countries such as Afghanistan and the Philippines, which could 
barely feed themselves even in the best of times.

"People eat half as much," said Paul Risley, a spokesman for World Food 
Programme operations in Asia.

The Philippines was once a model rice producer. But decades of neglect of 
agricultural policy and a population that's surged to 91 million have turned 
it into the world's biggest rice importer.

"They've doubled in population in 30 years," Risley said. "But they aren't 
even growing the amount of rice they were 30 years ago."

In booming China, Ning, the physician, was on the receiving end of the 
world's new food balance. Going about her once-a-week shopping trip, she 
presented the perfect picture of her country's new, cosmopolitan middle class.

She drove to her market of choice, Carrefour, a French chain that's China's 
largest foreign retailer, in her South Korean-built Kia sedan.

At the supermarket, she cruised aisles piled high with domestic and imported 
fruits and vegetables, including U.S.-grown lemons and Red Delicious apples, 
bananas from the Philippines, and oranges and durian — a fruit with a 
powerful rancid smell but a sweet flavor — from Thailand.

"Besides Carrefour and Wal-Mart, we also have Tesco and Vanguard 
supermarkets," Ning said, reeling off the names of the mega-store operators 
that now have a presence in nearly every major Chinese city.

Outside the New Century Square shopping center, 22-year-old Lin Hongwei 
prepared lamb skewers on a charcoal grill outside a noodle shop, where 
business was brisk, he said.

"Things are so much better now than when I was a kid," Lin said. "Salaries 
are higher. Food is better."