Healthy soil and sustainable growing

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Shrooms: Not Just For Salad Anymore
http://www.alternet.org/story/19680/
By Kelly Hearn, AlterNet. Posted August 29, 2004.

A visionary biologist says mushrooms are potent antiviral and antibacterial 
agents, as well as key boosters to the human immune system. They also might 
end up saving the Earth.

 To lots of folks, a middle-aged man who says mushrooms can save the world 
falls into the category of turbo-freak. But to some environmentalists, 
scientists and major investors, Paul Stamets is the trippiest of profitable 
kings.

"Mushrooms restore health both on the personal and ecological level," says 
Stamets, mycologist and owner of Fungi Perfecti, a family-owned mushroom 
business in Shelton, Wash. "Mushrooms can heal people and the planet."

Stamets, a former logger turned scanning electron microscopist, is bent on 
showing that fungal mycelium and mushrooms (the actual mushroom is the fruit 
of the mycelium) are the cornerstone of several Earth-friendly, multi-billion 
dollar industries. To him, there's no end to what spores can do.

Collaborating with public and private agencies from Batelle Industries to the 
National Institutes of Health, Stamets is giving shrooms their 15 minutes of 
fame, promoting them as antiviral and antibacterial agents, as well as key 
boosters to the human immune system.

Outside the body, Stamets says he has cloned mycelia and mushrooms that can 
kill pests, absorb radioactive material, filter toxic wastes and, according 
to an article in Jane's Defense Weekly, even degrade surrogates of deadly VX 
and sarin gas.

Stamets, who has collected over 250 strains of wild mushrooms, says that 
until now, they were largely ignored by environmentalists and scientists. He 
has filed for dozens of patents, he says, with more to follow. "Every failure 
is a cost of tuition of the education you have come to learn," he says, "You 
graduate to greater and greater techniques."

Survivors of Catastrophe

Mushrooms graduated through evolution to become acute survivors that recycle 
life after devastation. About 250 million years ago, after a massive 
extinction from a meteorite, Stamets says fungi inherited the Earth and 
"recycled the post-cataclysmic debris fields."

Today they are a keystone species spanning large swaths of land and secreting 
enzymes and acids that break down plant matter (which, lucky enough, has 
chemical bonds similar to contaminants like petroleum and pesticides).

"The 21st century will be the century of the biologist," Stamets says in nod 
to technologies that are exposing life's basic microcellular relationships. 
Teasing apart those relationships has helped Stamets come up with some 
seemingly killer techniques. One aims to stop silt runoff on logging roads, 
for example, by spreading bark and wood chips that have been coated with 
mycelia of local native fungal species. The mycelia's natural filtration 
properties stop the silt flow and prompt the regrowth of the topsoil.

In another technique he calls "mycorestoration," Stamets uses fungi to filter 
out pathogens, silt and chemicals from water (mycofiltration) and to denature 
toxic wastes. The low-tech devices – which often involve placing the fungi in 
straw, for example – can be placed around farms, watersheds, factories and 
roads.

Stamets also uses fungi to hurry the natural decomposition of logs on the 
forest floor. Knowing that local habitat better evolves when the sequence of 
decomposition is sped up (rather than burned), Stamets devised a way to put 
spores in chainsaw oil. The result: When a logger cuts a tree, he also coats 
it with spores that help it decompose.

As proof of mushrooms' ability to mop up humanity's deadly mistakes, Stamets 
tells of mushrooms growing near Chernobyl that were found to have accumulated 
high levels of the deadly Cesium 137 that leaked from faulty reactors. Why 
not put mushrooms near environmentally wrecked sites, allowing them to work 
as a natural immune system?

Non-Polluting Pesticides

Stamets' key project – which has attracted the attention of Ben DuPont, an 
investor from the famed family – is U.S. Patent number 6,660,290.

Somewhere during his study of the dialectic relationship between fungi and 
insects, Stamets came up with a way to use one to kill the other. 
"Mycopesticides," he says, are non-polluting tools that could upend the 
global pesticide industry.

One version of the idea involves using parasitic fungi that act on specific 
insects. The fungus, which can be presented on tasty foods like grain, kills 
the pest when digested.

DuPont's company, Yet2.com, matches new technologies with bigger business 
partners. Stamets, however, wouldn't discuss Yet2's plans for his pesticides, 
saying only that the group is involved in talks with major companies.

Mad Mycoscientist or Visionary?

Kind and undeniably brilliant, Stamets' passionate, rapid-fire descriptions 
of fungal experiments and patents can give the feeling he's a mix of 
scientist, inventor, environmentalist and snake-oil salesman. He admits he 
has his detractors – "Some mycologists think I'm a heretic." But he also has 
a loyal following.

"There are very few people capable of combining the breadth of understanding 
and the academic rigor to naturally based problem solutions than Paul," says 
Dr. Eric Rasmussen, formerly of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 
(DARPA), the Pentagon's high risk, high-payoff scientific entity. "His 
combination of factors in his intellect and experience are a somewhat rare 
combination. And his work is likely to prove to have significant benefit to 
the United States."

(Though he would not discuss details, Stamets says he has isolated a strain 
of mushroom from the Old Growth forest that has shown activity against 
viruses that could be potentially weaponized.)

Dr. Donald Abrams, who is collaborating with Stamets on a National Institutes 
of Health-funded trial to investigate the effects of the oyster mushroom in 
lowering cholesterol in people taking HIV therapies, concurs. The study is 
the first medical mushroom clinical study in the U.S.

"I think that Paul Stamets is a visionary thinker and a passionate 
spokesperson for the Mushroom Kingdom," said Abrams, a researcher at the 
University of California San Francisco School of Medicine. "I am always 
engrossed in his articulate presentations of the power of mushrooms in 
healing people and indeed the planet."

Phil Stern of Yet2 says that for all Stamets' scientific acumen, at the end 
of the day, he's about his beliefs.

"One of the best things about Paul is not just his groundbreaking technology 
but his principals," says Stern. "He says, 'If I license this product to you, 
you have to uphold these principals.' I respect his integrity."

Fungal Intelligence

Stamets has a few things working against him, especially when promoting his 
ideas in the mental lockdown of 21st century America. He did, after all, 
conduct now famous research on psilocybin hallucinogenic mushrooms at 
Evergreen State College in the late 1970s. And he wrote "Psilocybin Mushrooms 
of the World."

What's more, to conservative minds, the trippy-dippiness of some of his ideas 
can come off as silliness. In one breath, for example, he ticks off a 
riveting observation that neurological landscape looks like mycelium or that 
brain neurons and the Internet share mycelia's basic structural arrangements. 
In another he talks of "fungal intelligence" or ability to use spores to put 
life on other planets.

In the draft of his new book, "Mycelium Running: Growing Mushrooms to Heal 
People and Planet." Stamets writes that, "The mycelium is an exposed sentient 
membrane, aware and responsive to changes in its environment. I especially 
feel this when I enter a forest after a rainfall. Interlacing mycelial 
membranes form, I believe, a complex neuron-like web that acts as a fungal 
collective consciousness."

Whether or not corporate investors will ever vibe with the fungal collective 
consciousness, Stamets says his ideas are helped by a shift in scientific 
culture that's more accepting of non-western, natural solutions to problems.

And he's never short of evidence to back his theories.

"The idea that a cellular organism demonstrates intelligence may seem radical 
if not for work by researchers like Toshuyiki Nakagami, published in Nature 
2000," Stamets writes. "He placed a maze over the nutrient agar filled Petri 
dish and introduced nutritious oat flakes at the entrance and exit. He then 
inoculated the entrance with a culture of the slime mold Physarum 
polycephallum under sterile conditions. It grew through the maze and 
consistently chose the shortest route to the oat flakes at the end. Rejecting 
dead-ends, the slime mold demonstrated, according to the researchers, a form 
of intelligence."

That intelligence, according to Stamets, might one day be used to extend life 
throughout the solar system. Mushrooms are the first organism to restart an 
ecosystem after catastrophes like tornadoes or forest fires, popping up from 
the ground to return nutrients back to the food chain. The mushrooms' scent 
attracts insects which then attracts birds and animals that bring in seeds, 
creating a life generation domino effect that underscores the possibility of 
using fungi for creating habitats on other worlds.

For now, his most secure convictions are planted here on Earth.

"I believe ecosystems are conscious," he says. "These mycelia networks, like 
the Internet, share information on changes in the environment such as the 
availability of new food sources or responses to cataclysmic changes. So 
really these are information sharing networks. I think they are 
microneurological networks and I think science will prove they have a form of 
consciousness that we do not recognize."

Kelly Hearn is a correspondent for The Christian Science Monitor and a former 
science and technology writer for UPI.