They more than likely split after Yahwism was an established religion in the north, since their ideology so clearly revolves around the Torah and Torah only. Most likely it was after the return from the exile and probably about the time lesser deities started to disappear (Asherah et al), which would give it around the 3rd century BCE. By the late second century we get traces of Rabbinical Judaism which would further develop in the 1st century BCE with the DSS. I doubt it would have been this late, since Aramaic form was already by here the norm. So a third century split seems reasonable enough.
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