The most effective deterrent that I have seen is sound. The
battery powered spikes that poke in the ground and emit high
frequency sounds seem to work well.
That's the one I used. There is also a type that uses a small solar
panel instead of batteries. It's expensive and it won't work in my
garden which has a lot of shade. The cheapest method is to half
burry empty bottles at a slight angle in the ground. The wind
entering the open bottle will make a sound that is to deter the
voles. It’s the sound you make when you blow into an open bottle at
an angle. I tried this without much success. But we are in a valley
and don’t get much wind.
Dieter Brand Portugal
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