Espalier techniques are the spindle technique taken to the extreme...they ...Could be permaculture.I figure permaculture designs borrow techniques as useful. It is less the technique, but the system through which it is applied (while some techniques are only applied through dysfunctional systems I figure extreme pruning is not one of them). Dwarfed trees could also be placed in created microclimates that support production outside commercial range that reduces impacts of food transport. They better receive integrated pest management strategies reducing reliance on poisons.
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