[permaculture] International Society for Ecology and Culture - Programmes

Lawrence F. London, Jr. lfl at intrex.net
Mon Sep 26 05:32:51 EDT 2005


INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR ECOLOGY AND CULTURE
http://www.isec.org.uk/
Promoting locally based alternatives
to the global consumer culture

The International Society for Ecology and Culture (ISEC) is a non-profit 
organisation concerned with the protection of both biological and 
cultural diversity. Our emphasis is on education for action: moving 
beyond single issues to look at the more fundamental influences that 
shape our lives. Our activities include:

     * Books, reports, conferences and films
     * Local, national and international networking.
     * Community initiatives.
     * Campaigning.

We have worked in more than a dozen countries, from the UK and the USA 
to Thailand and Bhutan. Our programme in Ladakh, or 'Little Tibet', 
where we have been running a wide range of 'hands on' projects since 
1975, has won international acclaim for countering the negative effects 
of conventional development in that region. ISEC has now established an 
'Ancient Futures Network' to bring together groups and individuals from 
every corner of the world that are struggling to maintain their cultural 
integrity in the face of economic globalisation


<http://www.isec.org.uk/articles/bibliography.html>
	
Annotated Bibliography

I. Traditional Societies, Traditional Wisdom

Highwater, Jamake. 1981. The Primal Mind: Vision and Reality in Indian 
America. Meridian: New York. This book contrasts the ideals and 
intellectual aims of Western culture with the lifestyles, attitudes and 
world views of North American tribal peoples.

King, Franklin H. [1911] 1973. Farmers of Forty Centuries; or, Permanent 
Agriculture in China, Korea, and Japan. Rodale: Emmaus, Pennsylvania. 
Description of traditional farming practices that maintained fertility 
for centuries.

Klee, Gary A. 1980. World Systems of Traditional Resource Management. 
V.H. Winston and Sons. A survey of traditional cultures and the wide 
range of cultural practices that led to a balance with their ecosystem.

Mander, Jerry. 1991. In the Absence of the Sacred. Sierra Club Books: 
San Francisco. A deep look into the struggle of traditional cultures to 
survive the onslaught of technological progress; also a cogent analysis 
of the pervasive effects of mega-technology on all of us.

Margolin, Malcolm. 1978. The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San 
Francisco Monterey Bay Area. Heydey Books: Berkeley, California. A 
description of what life was like before the European invasion of 
California.

Neihardt, John G. [1932] 1961. Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of 
a Holy Man of the Ogalala Sioux. University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln. 
Inside account of the life of a Plains Indian at the turn of the century.

Norberg-Hodge, Helena. 2000. Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh Rider 
Books: London. A description of one of the last remaining traditional 
cultures on earth, and the threat posed by rapid modernisation.

Pereira, Winin. 1993. Tending the Earth: Traditional, Sustainable 
Agriculture in India. Earthcare Books: Bombay, India. A lucid summary of 
a vast amount of information relating to traditional agriculture in 
India, showing how it has proved its sustainability over the millennia, 
and rates high in all aspects of total productivity, self-reliance, 
diversity and the depth of its indigenous knowledge.

Platteau, J-P. 1991. "Traditional Systems of Social Security and Hunger 
Insurance: Past Achievements and Modern Challenges." In E.Ahmad, 
J.Dreze, J.Hills and A.Sen (eds.). Social Security in Developing 
Countries. Clarendon Press: Oxford. Draws extensively on anthropological 
studies and on economic reasoning to argue that much can be learned from 
traditional systems of social security.

Sahlins, Marshall. 1972. Stone Age Economics. Aldine Atherton Inc.: 
Chicago and New York. Drawing on a wide range of anthropological 
studies, Sahlins explodes the myth that life for hunter-gatherers was a 
constant struggle. He also examines exchange relations in pre-industrial 
society and points out many reasons to challenge the 'naturalness' of 
today's conceptions of 'economic man'.

Snyder, Gary. 1974. Turtle Island. New Directions: New York; and 1977. 
The Old Ways: Six Essays. City Light Books: San Francisco; and 1990. The 
Practice of the Wild. North Point Press: San Francisco. Also many 
volumes of poetry. An internationally renowned poet and essayist who has 
written for the last four decades on, among other things, nature, 
spirituality and the wisdom of tradition.

Wilken, Gene C. 1987. Good Farmers: Traditional Resource Management in 
Mexico and Central America. University of California Press: Berkeley, 
California. Researchers are just beginning to grasp the complexity and 
high degree of integration of social systems and ecosystems in the 
traditional agricultural systems of Central America. Models for 
sustainable agriculture.

II. DEBUNKING DEVELOPMENT

Berger, Peter. 1974. Pyramids of Sacrifice. Basic: New York. Berger 
questions the sacrifice and destruction that has been brought about by 
both capitalist and communist development, and examines the roots of 
both systems in modernism.

Bizimana, Nsekuye. 1989. White Paradise, Hell for Africa? 
Autobiographical account of an East African's encounter and subsequent 
disillusion with the culture of Western Europe. Out of Print. (Possibly 
available from the author: Grainauer Str. 13, 1000 Berlin 10, Germany).
Bodley, John H. 1990 (3rd Ed.). Victims of Progress. Mayfield Press: 
Mountain View, California; and 1976. Anthropology and Contemporary Human 
Problems. Cummings Press: Menlo Park, California; and 1987. Tribal 
Peoples and Development Issues. Mayfield: Mountain View, California. 
Thorough examinations of misconceptions about tribal peoples, and of the 
destruction wrought on these cultures by contact with the West.

Burns, E. Bradford. 1980. The Poverty of Progress: Latin America in the 
Nineteenth Century. University of California Press: Berkeley, 
California. Documents the destruction of traditional cultures in Latin 
America in the face of the onslaught of ideas and gadgets from the North.

Chossudovsky, Michel. 1997. The Globalisation of Poverty: Impacts of IMF 
and World Bank Reforms. Zed Books: London and New Jersey, and Third 
World Network: Penang, Malaysia. A powerful critique of the reforms 
imposed on 'Third World' and Eastern European countries by the leading 
international financial institutions, and of the new financial order 
which, the author argues, feeds on human poverty and environmental 
degradation, generates social apartheid, encourages racism and ethnic 
strife, and undermines the rights of women.

Crush, J. (ed.). 1995. Power of Development. Routledge: London. A series 
of essays revealing the convergence of the feminist, ecological and 
post-modernist critiques of 'development'.

Escobar, Arturo. 1995. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking 
of the Third World. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey. 
One of Latin America's most ardent and radical critics of development 
and modernism shows how development policies became mechanisms of 
control that were just as pervasive and effective as their colonial 
counterparts. A provocative analysis of development discourse and 
practice, concluding with a discussion of alternative visions for a 
post-development era.

George, Susan. 1977. How the Other Half Dies: The Real Reasons for World 
Hunger. Allanheld Osmun: Montclair, New Jersey; and 1988. A Fate Worse 
Than Debt. Grove Press: New York; and (with Fabrizio Sabelli). 1994. 
Faith and Credit: the World Bank's Secular Empire. Penguin Books: 
London. These books expose the gross inequalities of the current 
international economic system and the development policies that support it.

Hancock, Graham. 1989. Lords of Poverty: the Power, Prestige and 
Corruption of the International Aid Business. Atlantic Monthly Press: 
New York. A searing indictment of "Development, Inc.", this book shows 
how the prestige, financial rewards and comfortable lifestyle of the 
'development class' supercede any true concern for the plight of the 
world's poor. Indeed, foreign aid to poor countries only serves to 
foster dependence and perpetuate poverty and injustice.

Hobart, Mark. 1993. An Anthropological Critique of Development. 
Routledge: London. An interesting insight into how 'development' is so 
differently perceived by the 'developer' and the 'developed', and how 
this affects their responses to each other.

Kohr, Leopold. 1973. Development Without Aid: the Translucent Society. 
Schlocken: New York; and [1962] 1976. The Overdeveloped Nations: the 
Diseconomies of Scale. Swansea: London. Early and cogent challenges to 
the growth and development mystiques. Both out of print.

Lappe, Francis Moore, Joseph Collins and Peter Rosset. 1998. World 
Hunger: 12 Myths. Earthscan: London. Completely revised and updated 
edition of this classic work. Three of the world's foremost experts on 
our food system expose and demolish the myths surrounding world hunger.

Lipton, M. 1977. Why Poor People Stay Poor: Urban Bias in World 
Development. Temple Smith: London. An early and pioneering critique of 
the urbanising tendencies of the Western model of development; and 1989. 
(with R. Longhurst). New Seeds and Poor People. Unwin Hyman: London and 
Boston. Argues that technology alone cannot solve deep-rooted social 
problems, and can actually exacerbate those problems. Calls for new 
policies and new research priorities.

Pereira, Winin and Jeremy Seabrook. 1994. Global Parasites: Five hundred 
years of Western Culture. Earthcare Books: Bombay. From yesterday's 
conquistadors to today's GATT, from raw military force to the more 
subtle economic strangulation of the majority world, the west has sought 
to build up and perpetuate its own parasitic system and its opulence 
grounded in injustice and unsustainability.

Rahnema, Majid (ed.). 1997. The Post-Development Reader. Zed Books: 
London and New Jersey. Brings together an exceptionally gifted group of 
thinkers and activists - from South and North - who are all committed to 
seeing through the rhetoric of development. Contributors include Arturo 
Escobar, Gustavo Esteva, Susan George, Ivan Illich, Leopold Kohr, Jerry 
Mander, Ashis Nandy, Helena Norberg-Hodge, Wolfgang Sachs and Vandana Shiva.

Rich, Bruce. 1994. Mortgaging the Earth: the World Bank, Environmental 
Impoverishment, and the Crisis of Development. Beacon Press: Boston, and 
Earthscan: London. An informed critique of the World Bank and its 
destructive impact on the environment, as well as a questioning of the 
underlying assumptions and goals of economic development.

Sachs, Wolfgang (ed.). 1992. The Development Dictionary: A Guide to 
Knowledge as Power. Zed Books: London. Calls into question the whole 
basis of 'development' through a series of essays by leading writers 
from around the world, including Vandana Shiva, Ashis Nandy, Ivan 
Illich, Majid Ranemah, Arturo Escobar and Gustavo Esteva; and 1999, 
Planet Dialectics: explorations in environment and development. Zed 
Books: London. He confronts the way in which the west undermines both 
nature and social justice, and in order to protect the biosphere and 
archive equity between human beings, he demands changes from the global 
consumer classes.

Shiva, Vandana. 1988. Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Development. Zed 
Books: London, and St. Martins Press: New York. The women and the land 
of India bear the costs of destructive and short-sighted development; 
and 1991. The Violence of the Green Revolution. Zed Books: London, and 
St. Martins Press: New York. The 'quick-fix' promises of the first Green 
Revolution had a devastating impact on Indian environment and society, 
and has led to political instability and ethnic violence; and 1997. 
Biopiracy: the Plunder of Nature and Knowledge. South End Press: Boston, 
Massachusetts and (1998) Green Books: Totnes, Devon. Shows how Western 
powers, following in the footsteps of Columbus, are using patenting and 
genetic engineering to re-colonise the Third World.
Trainer, Ted. 1989. Developed to Death: Rethinking Third World 
Development. Green Print: London. A devastating critique of the dominant 
model of development and a call for a 'green' approach. The author 
argues that our commitment to affluence, economic growth and 'market 
economics' are the prime cause of worldwide poverty, scarcity and injustice.

Tuting, Ludmila. 1986. Bikas Binas: Development or Destruction: The 
Change in Life and Environment of the Himalaya. Geobuch: Munich. Short 
essays and newspaper clippings on the reality of development in Nepal.

World Bank Watcher. 1997. "From Structural Adjustment to Land 
Mobilisation to Expropriation: Is Melanesia the World Bank and IMF's 
Latest Victim? In Midnight Notes, Issue 12, December 1997 (PO Box 204, 
Jamaica Plain, MA 02130, USA).

III. RETHINKING THE ECONOMIC PARADIGM

Albert, Michael. 1997. Thinking Forward: Learning to Conceptualize 
Economic Vision. Arbeiter Ring: Winnipeg, Canada. Written by the 
co-editor and co-founder of Z Magazine, this book provides the tools 
needed to evaluate competing models for a better economy, while 
developing a participatory economic vision.

Boulding, Kenneth E. 1978. Ecodynamics: A New Theory of Societal 
Evolution. Sage Publications: Beverly Hills. A renegade (and 
ecologically minded) economist's vision of how social and environmental 
systems interact.

Coote, Belinda (with Caroline LeQuesne). 1996. The Trade Trap: Poverty 
and the Global Commodity Markets. Oxfam: Oxford. Examines the impact of 
the global trading system and economic liberalisation on the livelihoods 
and natural environments of poor countries, and recommends ways in which 
trade could be regulated to protect their rights.

Daly, Herman E. (ed.). 1973. Toward a Steady State Economy. W.H. Freeman 
and Co.: San Francisco A collection of essays looking at the problems of 
economic growth and proposing alternative visions; and 1996. Beyond 
Growth: the Economics of Sustainable Development. Beacon Press: Boston. 
Daly continues to argue that sustainable development necessarily means a 
radical shift from a 'growth' economy to a 'steady-state' economy.

Daly, Herman E., and John B.Cobb, Jr. 1989. For the Common Good: 
Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment, and a 
Sustainable Future. Beacon Press: Boston. An economist and a theologian 
team up to challenge current economic thinking. They propose protecting 
people, communities and the environment by increasing local control and 
restricting international trade.

Douthwaite, Richard. 1993. The Growth Illusion. Council Oak Publishing: 
Tulsa, Oklahoma, and Green Books: Totnes, Devon. An in-depth look at the 
notion of infinite economic growth and its costs to the environment and 
social stability. Suggests alternative economies where resource 
consumption is kept at sustainable levels.

Ekins, Paul. 1986. The Living Economy: A New Economics in the Making. 
Routledge and Kegan Paul: New York. This collection of essays from TOES 
(The Other Economic Summit) critiques the conventional economic 
paradigm, and presents alternative analyses and visions.

Ekins, Paul, and Manfred Max-Neef (eds.). 1992. Real Life Economics. 
Routledge: New York. Essays that link economics to the social, 
environmental and ethical implications of economic activity.

Greider, William. 1997. One World, Ready or Not: the Manic Logic of 
Global Capitalism. Simon and Schuster: New York. Examines the inherent 
contradictions and instabilities of the global economy.

Hines, Colin, and Tim Lang. 1993. The New Protectionism: Protecting the 
Future Against Free Trade. Earthscan: London. Challenges the orthodox 
view of free trade, analyses the powers behind the calls for free trade, 
and argues for trade to be put on a very different footing to promote 
maximum regional self-reliance.

Illich, Ivan. Toward a History of Needs. 1978. Heyday Books: Berkeley. 
Five essays that explore how industrial growth leads to economic 
impoverishment in the South and spiritual impoverishment in the North.

Korten, David. 1995. When Corporations Rule the World. Kumarian Press: 
West Hartford, Connecticut. This already seminal work provides an 
excellent analysis of corporate rule in the present day global economy, 
as well as describing the ideology that motivates it. The author's 
long-time career within the corporate world and with USAID lends his 
criticism extra potency. A must-read; and 1999. The Post-Corporate 
World: Life After Capitalism. Kumarian Press: West Hartford. This book 
looks beyond the dismantling of corporate rule, explaining not only how 
our economy went wrong, but also how we can change it.

Lutz, Mark A., and Kenneth Lux. 1988. Humanistic Economics: The New 
Challenge. Bootstrap Press: New York. Challenges the basic assumptions 
about 'homo economicus' in favour of Gandhian economics.

Mander, Jerry, and Edward Goldsmith (eds.) 2001. The Case Against the 
Global Economy: and For a Turn Toward the Local. Earthscan: London. An 
excellent collection of articles that articulate the criticism of 'free 
trade', high technology, corporate rule and economic 'growth'. The last 
section contains articles about the various strategies for 
re-localisation and explores the philosophical underpinnings for such a 
move.

Martin, Hans-Peter, and Harald Schumann. 1997. The Global Trap: 
Globalisation and the Assault on Prosperity and Democracy. Zed Books: 
London and New York. A powerful critique of globalisation but with 
somewhat less than radical solutions.

Moses, Daniel (ed.). 1993. The Case Against Free Trade. Earth Island 
Press: San Francisco. Essays countering the myth that 'free trade' will 
benefit people or the environment.

Myers, Norman. 1998. Perverse Subsidies. International Institute for 
Sustainable Development: Winnipeg, Canada. A detailed and enlightening 
analysis of how big business and the global economy are subsidised by 
taxpayers' money.

Payutto, P.A. 1994. Buddhist Economics: A Middle Way for the Market 
Place. Buddhadhamma Foundation: Bangkok. A concise explanation of the 
Buddha's teachings relating to economics and their relevance for today.

Robertson, James. 1989. Future Wealth: A New Economics for the 21st 
Century. Cassell: London; and 1998. Transforming Economic Life: A 
Millennial Challenge. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. Calls for a revolution 
in the way the world thinks about economics and organises economic life, 
in order to build a new economic order for the 21st century, geared to 
the real needs of people, as well as of the Earth.

Rowbotham, Michael. 1998. The Grip of Death: A Study of Modern Money, 
Debt Slavery and Destructive Economics. John Carpenter Publishing: 
Charlbury, Oxford. Today's money system boils down to institutionalised 
theft. The author proposes a new mechanism for the supply of money, 
creating a supportive financial environment and a decreasing reliance on 
debt.

Schor, Juliet B. 1991. The Overworked American. Basic Books: New York. 
Explodes the myth of the leisure society, showing that Americans are 
losing leisure time despite technological advance and material 
prosperity; and 1998. The Overspent American. Basic Books: New York. An 
excellent follow-up to the former book, this work analyses the American 
propensity for consuming - exploring the 'spend' side of the 
'work-and-spend' equation.

Wachtel, Paul. 1989. The Poverty of Affluence: A Psychological Portrait 
of the American Way of Life. New Society: Philadelphia. Shows that 
material wealth has not brought psychological well-being.

IV. RETHINKING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Bellini, James. 1989. High Tech Holocaust. Sierra Club Books: San 
Francisco. Carefully researched investigation of the environmental and 
human health cost of industrial technologies.

Ehrenfeld, David. 1978. The Arrogance of Humanism. Oxford University 
Press: Oxford and New York. Ehrenfeld questions the hubris of humanism. 
He examines the modern assumptions of ever-increasing material wealth 
and ever-greater control of nature through technological progress.

Glendinning, Chellis. 1994. My Name is Chellis and I'm in Recovery from 
Western Civilization. Shambala: Boston. Points out the many similarities 
between addictive behaviour and modern society's atachment to technology 
and progress.

Mander, Jerry. 1978. Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television. 
Morrow: New York. Insights into the subtle ways television distorts 
reality and affects us psychologically. Recommended even for those who 
are already convinced of the negative aspects of television. (Also see 
In the Absence of the Sacred, in Section I.)

Merchant, Carolyn. 1980. The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the 
Scientific Revolution. Harper and Row: New York. The rise in dominance 
of the mechanistic world-view of modern science was accompanied by the 
increasing exploitation of nature and the domination of women.

Mumford, Lewis. 1963. Technics and Civilization. Harcourt Brace 
Jovanovich: New York; and 1967. The Pentagon of Power and The Myth of 
the Machine. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: New York. A history of modern 
technology and how it has shaped both the external world and human 
society and culture. Mumford's insights into the powerful force of 
"technics" are as relevant today as they were in 1934.

Postman, Neil. 1993. Technopoly. Vintage Books: New York. Delineates the 
effects of technology on culture, showing how modern society has been 
transformed from a culture that uses technology to one that is dominated 
by it.

Rifkin, Jeremy. 1983. Algeny. Viking: New York; and 1985 Declaration of 
a Heretic. Routledge and Kegan Paul: Boston; and 1991. Biosphere 
Politics. Crown: New York. A plea for caution and humility in scientific 
research and technological development.

Roszak, Theodore. [1986] 1994. The Cult of Information: A Neo-Luddite 
Treatise on High-Tech Artificial Intelligence, and the True Art of 
Thinking. University of California Press: Berkeley, California. This 
book explores the effects of computer technology upon cognitive 
processes, pointing out that more information does not necessarily lead 
to better thinking. On the contrary, the 'data glut' that computers 
create may actually hinder productivity and sound thought. Most 
importantly, the book illuminates the stark contrast between the way 
computers 'think' and the processes taking place within the human brain.

Winner, Langdon. 1986. The Whale and the Reactor. University of Chicago 
Press: Chicago. Argues against the notion that technologies are neutral, 
demonstrating that each technology we embrace has social and political 
implications. One of the best books on the broad impacts of technology 
on society.

V. ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT PATHS

Ahn, Seung-Joon. 1994. From State to Community: Rethinking South Korean 
Modernization. Aigis Publications: Littleton, Colorado. A searing attack 
upon Western-style development, and a weaving of tradition and radical 
politics into a powerful vision for a new society.

Amin, S. 1990. Delinking: Towards a Polycentric World. Zed Books: London 
and New Jersey. Argues that 'Third World' countries cannot hope to raise 
living standards if they continue to adjust their development strategies 
in line with the trends set by a fundamentally unequal global capitalist 
system over which they have no control. The only alternative, the author 
maintains, is for 'Third World' societies to 'delink' from the logic of 
the global system.

Carmen, Raff. 1996. Autonomous Development: Humanising the Landscape. 
Zed Books: London and New Jersey. An explosive critique of the dominant 
top-down and ethnocentric development ideology, and a call for bottom-up 
development, rooted in people's organisations and the power of culture.

Carr, Marilyn (ed.). 1985. The A.T. Reader: Theory and Practice in 
Appropriate Technology. The Intermediate Technology Development Group: 
London. A good introduction to the appropriate technology movement and 
its writings.

Franke, Richard, and Barbara Chasin. 1989. Kerala: Radical Reform as 
Development in an Indian State. Institute for Food and Development 
Policy: Oakland, California. By conventional measures economic growth in 
Kerala has been very low, but quality of life, as measured by health, 
longevity, nutrition and literacy, are all high thanks to a policy of 
targeting basic needs and redistribution.

Goering, Peter and Helena Norberg-Hodge (eds). 1992. The Future of 
Progress. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. Published in association with 
ISEC. A collection of essays by international thinkers/activists in 
development and environment issues. Writers look at the root causes of 
environmental breakdown in the South, and point to some positive trends.

Macy, Joanna. 1985. Dharma and Development: Religion as Resource in the 
Sarvodaya Self-help Movement. Kumarian Press: West Hartford, 
Connecticut. The role of Buddhism and Buddhist monks and nuns in Sri 
Lanka's Sarvodaya village development movement.

Mies, Maria and Veronica Bennholdt-Thomsen. 1999. The Subsistence 
Perspective: Beyond the Globalised Economy. Zed Books: London & New 
York. They explain subsistence as empowerment based on peoples' own 
strengths and their co-operation which each other and with nature, 
rather than the endless accumulation of wealth, the aim of the 
subsistence perspective is happiness, quality of life and human dignity.

Schumacher, E.F. 1973. Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People 
Mattered. Harper and Row: New York, and Blond and Briggs Ltd.: London. 
This seminal work by the father of the Appropriate Technology movement 
challenges the assumptions of growth, development and the economic 
paradigm. Schumacher's vision puts the needs of people before economic 
efficiency; and 1997. This I Believe and Other Essays. Green Books: 
Totnes, Devon. A collection of 21 of Schumacher's articles published in 
Resurgence magazine over a period of 11 years before his death in 1977. 
A good introduction to the freshness, clarity and profundity of 
Schumacher's thinking, which has already inspired a generation of 
critical thinkers.

Trainer, Ted. 1985. Abandon Affluence!. Zed Books: London; and 1996. 
Towards a Sustainable Economy: the Need for Fundamental Change. 
Industrial countries must de-develop, and the standard of affluence of 
the North must be abandoned as a development goal throughout the world.

VI. COMMUNITY, DIVERSITY AND DECENTRALISATION

Bellah, Robert N., et al. 1985. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and 
Commitment in American Life. Harper and Row: London and New York. This 
sociological study, based on extensive interviews, looks at how 
individualism and economic rationality affect community in America.

Berg, Peter (ed.). 1978. Reinhabiting a Separate Country: A Bioregional 
Anthology of Northern California. Planet Drum: San Francisco. An 
introduction to bioregional thinking from Northern California 
bioregionalists.

Berry, Wendell. 1975. A Continuous Harmony: Essays Cultural and 
Agricultural. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: New York; and 1977. The 
Unsettling of America. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco; and 1987. Home 
Economics: Fourteen Essays. North Point Press: San Francisco; and 1990. 
What Are People For? North Point Press: San Francisco; and 1993. Sex, 
Economy, Freedom & Community. Pantheon: New York. Several of the many 
books by America's most eloquent and prolific defender of community, 
traditional rural life and small-scale farming.

Corbett, Michael. 1981. A Better Place to Live: New Designs for 
Tomorrow's Communities. Rodale: Emmaus, Pennsylvania. Design basis for 
an innovative solar housing project, called Village Homes, built by 
Corbett in Davis, California. For more specifics on community layout and 
house designs, see: Bainbridge, David, Judy Corbett and John Hofacre. 
1979. Village Homes' Solar House Design. Rodale: Emmaus, Pennsylvania.

Douthwaite, Richard. 1996. Short Circuit: Strengthening Local Economies 
for Security in an Unstable World. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. Published 
in association with ISEC. In the context of an increasingly unstable 
global economy, this book provides a much-needed study into how 
communities can build an independent local economy. It details the 
financial structures necessary for self-reliance, and it describes the 
techniques already in use in pioneering communities across the 
industrialised world.

Hannum, Hildegarde. 1997. People, Land and Community. Yale University 
Press: New Haven and London. A collection of lectures organised by the 
E.F. Schumacher Society in the US. Some of the most respected 
authorities in the field discuss the historical, cultural, social, 
political and economic implications of the degradation of environment 
and community, and suggest citizen initiatives that may halt it.

Hines, Colin. 2000. Localisation: A Local Manifesto. Earthscan: London. 
This book is unique in going beyond simply criticising free trade and 
globalisation trends. It details self-reinforcing policies to create 
local self-sufficiency and shows clearly that there is an alternative: 
to protect the local, globally.

Money, Mike (ed.). 1993. Health and Community: Holism in Practice. Green 
Books: Totnes, Devon. This book focuses on the question, 'what are the 
conditions necessary for being truly healthy?' and argues that community 
is an essential requisite. Consists of articles that originally appeared 
in Resurgence magazine, by such respected writers and thinkers as Gary 
Snyder, Wendell Berry, William Greider, Johan Galtung, Dr A.T.Ariyaratne 
and John Lane.

Sale, Kirkpatrick. 1980. Human Scale. Coward, McCann and Geoghegan: New 
York; and 1985. Dwellers in the Land: The Bioregional Vision. Sierra 
Club Books: San Francisco. An appeal for smaller scale, decentralisation 
and the reorganisation of society to better integrate with the natural 
world and the real needs of humanity.

Shuman, Michael. 1998. Going Local: Creating Self-Reliant Communities in 
a Global Age. The Free Press: New York. Describes a new economics based 
on local self-reliance, community control and regional retention of 
capital. A full quarter of the book is an appendix of community-based 
activist organisations working towards economic re-localisation.

Van der Ryn, Sim and Peter Calthorpe. 1986. Sustainable Communities. 
Sierra Club Books: San Francisco. Community design for greater 
self-reliance.

Vitek, William, and Wes Jackson (eds.). 1996. Rooted in the Land: Essays 
on Community and Place. Yale University Press: New Haven, Connecticut. A 
collection of new and classic essays that provide an eloquent defence of 
community life and practical suggestions for becoming connected to 
others and native to a place.

VII. NEW DIRECTIONS FOR THE INDUSTRIALISED WORLD

Bahro, Rudolf. 1986. Building the Green Movement. New Society: 
Philadelphia. Essays from a leading German Green thinker.

Brown, Lester R. 1981. Building a Sustainable Society. W.W. Norton: New 
York. The founder of the World Watch Institute lays out what he sees as 
necessary reforms to bring human demands in line with environmental 
constraints. See also the Worldwatch papers and annual State of the 
World report.

Dominguez, Joe, and Vicki Robin. 1993. Your Money or Your Life. Penguin: 
New York. The authors show how decreasing your consumption can increase 
your quality of life.

Elgin, Duane. 1981. Voluntary Simplicity: Toward a Way of Life That is 
Outwardly Simple, Inwardly Rich. William Morrow: New York. An 
exploration of the personal and planetary effects of living a 
materially-simple lifestyle in industrial society.

Goldsmith, Edward. 1988. The Great U-Turn: Deindustrialising Society. 
Green Books: Totnes, Devon, and Bootstrap Press: New York. A call for a 
radical restructuring of modern society from the founder and editor of 
The Ecologist magazine.

Henderson, Hazel. 1971. Creating Alternative Futures. G.P. Putnams: New 
York; and 1981. The Politics of the Solar Age. Anchor, Doubleday: New 
York; and 1991. Paradigms in Progress: Life Beyond Economics. Knowledge 
Systems, Inc.: Indianapolis; and 1999. Beyond Globalisation: Shaping a 
sustainable Global Economy. Kumarian Press: West Hartford, Connectticut. 
An exploration of new directions in economic and political thinking that 
can help create a more ecologically sound future. Written by one of 
America's foremost alternative economic thinkers.

Nash, Hugh (ed.). 1981. Progress As If Survival Mattered: A Handbook for 
a Conserver Society. Friends of the Earth: San Francisco. Policy 
suggestions to steer society toward a more ecological footing.

Plant, Judith, and Christopher Plant. 1991. Green Business: Hope or 
Hoax? New Society Publishers: Philadelphia. Some practical ways of 
supporting local economies, including Community Supported Agriculture, 
SHARE systems, revolving loans, etc. Case studies of ideas that work.

Porritt, Jonathon. 1985. Seeing Green: The Politics of Ecology 
Explained. Basil Blackwell: New York. A platform for change from one of 
England's best-known Greens.

Register, Richard. 1987. Eco-City Berkeley: Building Cities for a 
Healthy Future. North Atlantic Books: Berkeley, California. Ways to make 
cities more liveable, and more ecologically sound.

Tokar, Brian. 1987. The Green Alternative: Creating an Ecological 
Future. R. & E. Miles: San Pedro, California. A comprehensive account of 
the Green movement in North America.

Ward, Barbara. 1972. Only One Earth: The Care and Maintenance of a Small 
Planet; and 1979. Progress for a Small Planet. Norton: New York. Visions 
for a saner way of living, from one of the early leaders of the ecology 
movement.

VIII. NEW DIRECTIONS FOR AGRICULTURE

Anderson, Luke. 2000. Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. 
Green Books: Totnes, Devon. A concise, well-researched guide that 
answers the questions we should all be asking about genetic engineering 
in food and farming.

Bove, Jose and Francois Dufour. 2001. The World is Not for Sale: Farmers 
against Junk Food. Verso: London. They outline the disaster that 
intensive agriculture has visited on contemporary farming and food, but 
there is an alternative- a way of farming that treats animals humanly, 
protects the diversity of wildlife, ensures a reasonable living for 
farmers, and produces tastier, healthier food. They discuss the 
principles of sustainable agriculture and show how farmers and consumers 
can join to make them a reality.

de Selincourt, Kate. 1997. Local Harvest: Delicious Ways to Save the 
Planet. Lawrence and Wishart: London. Published in association with 
ISEC. This book takes a look at the astonishing array of benefits that 
closer farmer-consumer links can bring - both for people and the 
environment.

Fukuoka, Masanobu. 1978. The One Straw Revolution: An Introduction to 
Natural Farming; and The Road Back to Nature. Rodale: Emmaus, 
Pennsylvania. Description of a farming system developed over thirty 
years that minimises human intervention in the natural order. The former 
is a classic that has inspired many permaculturists and others.

Goering, Peter, Helena Norberg-Hodge and John Page. 2000. From the 
Ground Up: Rethinking Industrial Agriculture. Zed Books: London. 
(revised edition with new Introduction). Published in association with 
ISEC. A critique of the industrial model of agriculture, and a look at 
sustainable, ecological alternatives.

Groh, Trauger, and Steven McFadden. 1990. Farms of Tomorrow. Biodynamic 
Farming and Gardening Association: Kimberton, Pennsylvania. A 
description of the basic elements of the Community Supported Agriculture 
approach to preserving small farms, encouraging diversified organic 
agriculture, and providing fresh wholesome food to consumers.

Jackson, Wes. 1980. New Roots for Agriculture. Friends of the Earth: San 
Francisco; and (with Wendell Berry) 1984. Meeting the Expectations of 
the Land: Essays in Sustainable Agriculture. North Point Press: San 
Francisco; and 1987. Altars of Unhewn Stone: Science and the Earth. 
North Point Press: San Francisco. Fundamental questioning of the 
patterns of thinking that underlie modern industrial agriculture, from a 
researcher who is investigating the possibilities of radical changes in 
the way we practise agriculture.

Pretty, Jules. 1995. Regenerating Agriculture: Policies and practice for 
sustainability and self reliance. Joseph Henry Press: Washington, DC. 
and 1998. The Living Land. Earthscan: London. Shows how sustainable 
agriculture can work to conserve the soil, wildlife and rural life itself.

Pye-Smith, Charles, and Richard North. 1984. Working the Land: A New 
Plan for a Healthy Agriculture. Temple Smith: London. Exposition of the 
ills of English agriculture and the organic alternative.

Shiva, Vandana. 2000. Stolen Harvest: The Hijacking of the Global Food 
Supply. Zed Books: London. It charts the impacts of globalised, 
corporate agriculture on small farmers, the environment, and the quality 
of the food we eat. This is an inspiring book that will shape the debate 
about GE and commercial agriculture for years to come.

IX. TOWARDS A NEW WORLD-VIEW

Bateson, Gregory. 1979. Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity. Dutton: New 
York. A systems approach linking psychology and ecology from one of the 
century's most versatile thinkers.

Berry, Thomas. 1988. The Dream of the Earth. Sierra Club Books: San 
Francisco. A collection of essays by one of America's most important 
living ecological thinkers, showing that we in industrial cultures have 
lost our sensitivity to the full reality of the Earth and Universe. 
These writings form the philosophical basis for returning our senses to 
the Earth's natural rhythms.

Capra, Fritjof. 1982. The Turning Point: Science, Society, and the 
Rising Culture. Bantam Books: New York. This book links the major 
problems facing the world today to a dangerously narrow world view that 
has dominated for the last centuries, and outlines a new more holistic 
paradigm emerging in a variety of domains; and 1996. The Web of Life: a 
New Synthesis of Mind and Matter. HarperCollins Publishers: London, and 
Anchor Books: New York. A radical synthesis of such recent scientific 
breakthroughs as the theory of complexity, Gaia theory, chaos theory and 
other explanations of the properties of organisms, social systems and 
ecosystems. A synthesis of the scientific, the philosophical and the 
spiritual dimensions of systems thinking.

Devall, Bill. 1988. Simple in Means, Rich in Ends: Practicing Deep 
Ecology. Peregrine Smith Books: Salt Lake City. Thoughts on translating 
non-anthropocentric world-views into practice.

Devall, Bill, and George Sessions. 1985. Deep Ecology: Living as if 
Nature Mattered. Peregrine Smith Books: Salt Lake City. An exploration 
of an environmental philosophy that questions the notion that humanity 
has a privileged place in the global order. It rejects an 
environmentalism that stops at conservation and management of nature.

Fromm, Erich. 1981. To Have or To Be. Bantam: New York and London. Two 
modes of existence struggle fiercely for the spirit of mankind: the 
'having' mode, dedicated to aggression and material possession, and the 
'being' mode, suffused with love, caring and a feeling of sufficiency. 
One of many insightful books by a prolific author.

Goldsmith, Edward. 1996. The Way: An Ecological World-View. Green Books: 
Totnes, Devon. (New US edition 1999. University of Georgia Press: 
Athens, Georgia.) An intellectual tour de force from one of the world's 
foremost ecological thinkers. Goldsmith argues that the world-view of 
modern industrial societies is fatally flawed, and that a return to a 
worldview held in common by all earth-based societies, is a prerequisite 
to the survival of humanity.

Griffin, David Ray. 1988. The Re-enchantment of Science: Postmodern 
Proposals. State University of New York Press: Albany, New York. Essays 
calling for a replacement of modern dualism and reductionism with a more 
ecological, organismic and ultimately spiritual foundation to scientific 
inquiry.

Illich, Ivan. 1971. Deschooling Society. Harper and Row: London and New 
York. A radical critique of school-based education and a call for the 
replacement of educational 'funnels' with educational 'webs' which would 
heighten the opportunity for each person to transform each moment of 
his/her living into one of learning, sharing and caring.

Leopold, Aldo. 1987. A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There. 
Oxford University Press: Oxford and New York. Eloquent reflections on 
the beauty of nature and philosophical inquiries into the ethics of 
modern society's relation to nature. Contains well-known essay on 
Leopold's proposed land ethic.

Lovelock, James E. 1989. Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. Oxford 
University Press: Oxford and New York. The first thorough presentation 
of the biological evidence for considering the earth as an organism 
capable of reacting to outer stimuli and inner processes in a unified, 
self-adjusting manner.

McLaughlin, Andrew. 1993. Regarding Nature: Industrialism and Deep 
Ecology. SUNY Press: Albany, New York. A thought-provoking defence of 
the philosophy of deep ecology, with exceptional insights into the 
nature of industrial society.

Naess, Arne. 1989. Ecology, Community and Lifestyle: Outline of an 
Ecosophy. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge and New York. Translated 
and revised by David Ruthenberg. Deep Ecology from the Norwegian 
philosopher who first coined the term.

Orr, David. 1992. Ecological Literacy: Education and Transition to the 
Post-Modern World; and 1994. Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment 
and the Human Prospect. Island Press: Washington, DC and Covelo, 
California. The author examines the calamitous 'success' of the 
industrial economy and of the educational system that subserves it, and 
offers a manual of ideas and possibilities for those who want to work 
towards change.

Prigogene, Ilya, and Isabelle Stengers. 1984. Order Out of Chaos: Man's 
New Dialogue With Nature. Bantam: New York. Chaos and self-organisation 
as keys to a new conception of nature now emerging from scientific inquiry.

Roszak, Theodore, et al. (eds.) 1995. Ecopsychology: Restoring the 
Earth, Healing the Mind. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco. A collection 
of articles that explore the connection between the human psychological 
condition and our relationship with the natural world. It suggests that 
not only does our psychology affect the way we interact with nature, but 
also that our own neuroses and psychoses may be fundamentally tied to 
our break with the natural world, of which we are a part.

Seed, John, Joanna Macy, Pat Fleming and Arne Naess. 1988. Thinking Like 
a Mountain: Toward a Council of All Beings. New Society: Philadelphia. 
Short pieces that try to get the reader to go beyond analytical reason 
to a more profound level of felt experience of the ecological crisis.

Sessions, George (ed.). 1995. Deep Ecology for the 21st Century. 
Shambala: Boston and London. A collection of articles by the world's 
foremost Deep Ecology thinkers, including Arne Naess, Thomas Berry, 
George Sessions and Gary Snyder.

Shepard, Paul. 1982. Nature and Madness. Sierra Club Books: San 
Francisco. This seminal work provides a foundation for current 
ecopsychological thought. It traces current psychological traumas (both 
individual and collective) back to the agricultural 'revolution' and the 
foundation of cities, thousands of years ago. It suggests that the 
domestication of plants and animals coincided with a domestication of 
the human species, forcing us to live in a social and environmental 
context that is fundamentally at odds with our own nature.

Tobias, Michael (ed.). 1985. Deep Ecology. Avant Books: San Diego, 
California. A collection of essays, memoirs and poems on Deep Ecology 
themes.

Weizsacker, Ernst Ulrich von. 1993. Earth Politics. Zed Books: London. A 
major work by one of Germany's most eminent environmental thinkers, 
whose ideas have had a major impact on European environmental policy. He 
offers a far-reaching vision of what he calls the coming century of the 
environment, as we move out of the 20th century that has been primarily 
dominated by economics.

X. SPIRITUAL ROOTS

Badiner, Alan H. 1990. Dharma Gaia: a Harvest of Essays in Buddhism and 
Ecology. Parallax Press: Berkeley, California. Essays exploring how the 
holistic view of Buddhism is related to ecological thinking.

Camilleri, Joseph A. and Chandra Muzaffar. 1998. Globalisation: the 
Perspectives and Experiences of the Religious Traditions of Asia 
Pacific. International Movement for a Just World: Malaysia. A collection 
of papers presented at a 1997 conference, examining religious and 
ethical perspectives and the impact of globalisation upon religious 
traditions and cultural communities.

Epsteiner, Fred (ed.). 1988. The Path of Compassion: Writings on 
Socially Engaged Buddhism. Parallax Press: Berkeley, California. Leading 
Buddhist writers share their views on working for the alleviation of 
suffering in the world.

George, James. 1995. Asking for the Earth: Waking Up to the 
Spiritual/Ecological Crisis. Element Books: Shaftesbury, Dorset and 
Rockport, Massachusetts. A seminal and thought-provoking book by a 
retired Canadian ambassador with a long-standing commitment to 
environmental issues. The book argues that the ecological crisis is 
profoundly indicative of an inner, spiritual crisis, and explores the 
teachings of some of the most influential spiritual teachers of our century.

Nhat-Hanh, Thich. 1993. Love In Action: Writings on Non-Violent Social 
Change; and 1987. Being Peace; and 1988. The Heart of Understanding; and 
1987. Interbeing: Commentaries on the Tiep Hien Precepts. Parallax 
Press: Berkeley. Buddhist teachings from a Vietnamese monk who has been 
practising for decades the teachings of a socially-engaged Buddhism.

Schumacher, E.F. [1977] 1995. A Guide for the Perplexed. Vintage Books: 
London. A rich store of wisdom and understanding, embedded in the 
religions of East and West, by the author of Small is Beautiful: 
Economics as if People Mattered. (see Section V.)

Sivaraksa, Sulak. 1992. Seeds of Peace: A Buddhist Vision for Renewing 
Society. Parallax Press: Berkeley, California. A critique of modern 
society and a proposal for a more humane and liveable world, by one of 
Southeast Asia's leading social thinkers and activists.

Spretnak, Charlene. 1986. The Spiritual Dimension of Green Politics. 
Bear and Co.: Santa Fe. The importance of spiritual wisdom in regaining 
a more healthy relationship to the Earth.

Watts, Jonathan, Alan Senauke and Santikaro Bhikkhu (eds.). 1997. 
Entering the Realm of Reality: Towards Dhammic Societies. International 
Network of Engaged Buddhists: Bangkok. Essays by leading engaged 
Buddhists from around the globe offering a critique of the current model 
of society and an alternative vision embedded in Buddhism.

XI. VALUING WOMEN'S VISION

Diamond, Irene, and Gloria F. Orenstein (eds.). 1990. Reweaving the 
World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco. A 
diverse collection of essays affirming the importance of women's 
experience and knowledge in overcoming patriarchy and healing the earth.

Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and 
Women's Development. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts. 
Gilligan exposes the male bias in psychological testing.

Keller, Evelyn Fox. 1985. Reflections on Gender and Science. Yale 
University Press: New Haven, Connecticut. Essays on how scientific 
questioning and methods have been shaped by patriarchy and why a 
feminisation of science is needed.

Mies, Maria, and Vandana Shiva. 1993. Ecofeminism. Zed Books: London and 
New Jersey. These two internationally respected feminists and 
environmental activists offer a unique perspective on industrialism and 
ecological destruction, and a radical alternative vision.

Plant, Judith. 1989. Healing the Wounds: The Promise of Ecofeminism. New 
Society: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Woman's voice in Nature from a 
diverse spectrum of writers.

XII. DESIGN AND 'HANDS-ON' SOLUTIONS

Darrow, Ken, and Mike Saxenian. 1986. Appropriate Technology Sourcebook. 
Volunteers in Asia: Stanford, California. This comprehensive sourcebook 
catalogues 1,150 publications that are part of VIA's microfiche library. 
Entries span the range from detailed plans to philosophical pieces. 
(Available from VIA, PO Box 4543, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Tel 
650/326-8581.)

Fairlie, Simon. 1996. Low Impact Development: Planning and People in a 
Sustainable Countryside. Jon Carpenter Publications: Charlbury, 
Oxfordshire. Examines Britain's rural planning system from the bottom 
up, and proposes changes that would enable the planning system to 
reinvigorate the land-based economy, create a richer and more diverse 
rural environment, and facilitate the provision of self-built affordable 
housing.

Jackson, Hildur (ed.). 1999. Creating Harmony: Conflict Resolution in 
Community. Permanent Publications: Hampshire, England. A very practical 
book looking at the issue of conflict and conflict resolution within 
communities and eco-villages. Contributions from many experienced pioneers.

Leckie J., et al. 1981. More Other Homes and Garbage: Designs for 
Self-Sufficient Living. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco. Practical 
information for building new ways to live. /p>

Mollison, Bill. 1990. Permaculture: A Practical Guide for a Sustainable 
Future. Island Press: Covelo, California; also, Permaculture One and 
Permaculture Two. Design ideas for creating living arrangements that 
provide a maximum of food, energy and shelter with a minimum of 
environmental disruption. The Permaculture Bible.

Papanek, Victor. 1972. Design for the Real World: Human Ecology and 
Social Change. Pantheon: New York; and 1983. Design for Human Scale. Van 
Nostrand Reinhold: New York. Principles for appropriate design.

Todd, N.J., and J. Todd. 1984. Bioshelters, Ocean Arks, City Farming: 
The Ecological Basis of Design. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco. A book 
on designing technology that harmonises with nature rather than 
dominates it, from the founders of the New Alchemy Institute.

Uphoff, Norman. 1992. Learning from Gal Oya: Possibilities for 
Participatory Development and Post Newtonian Social Science. Cornell 
University: Ithaca, New York. A unique observation of the outcomes of 
farmer organisation in Sri Lanka and a song in praise of the power of 
systems thinking.

XIII. OBSTACLES AND RESISTANCE STRATEGIES

Edwards, David. 1995. Free To Be Human: Intellectual Self-Defence in an 
Age of Illusions. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. (US version 1996. Burning 
All Illusions. South End Press: Boston, Massachusetts.) Shows how 
powerful state and business interests distort our understanding of many 
political, ethical and spiritual issues, ensuring that we remain 
passive, conformist and uninformed; and 1998. The Compassionate 
Revolution. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. Shows how the capitalist system 
is dependent on the promotion of the three Buddhist 'poisons' of Greed, 
Hatred and Ignorance, and argues that the antidote to exploitative 
social systems is rational awareness rooted in unconditional kindness 
and compassion.

Lasn, Kalle. 2000. The Uncooling of America. Eagle Brook: New York. A 
hand-book for 'culture-jammers' from the founder and editor of Adbusters 
magazine, mapping out the mental environment in corporate America and 
laying out the possibilities for the re-emergence of a revolutionary 
oppositional culture that could change the world!

Rowell, Andrew. 1996. Green Backlash: Global Subversion of the 
Environment Movement. Routledge: London and New York. A controversial 
exposŽ of anti-environmentalism, tracing its rise in the USA and its 
rapid global spread. Reveals the horrific extent to which right-wing 
politicians and transnational corporations will go to continue profiting 
from human misery and environmental destruction.

Starr, Emory. 2000. Naming the Enemy: Anti-corporate Movements Confront 
Globalisation. Zed Books: London. This is the first systematic 
documentation of the international resistance to transnational 
corporations and globalisation that has so recently burst into the 
public gaze with the street protests in Seattle, Washington, London and 
Prague.

XIV. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

Bookchin, Murray. 1982. The Ecology of Freedom. Cheshire Books: Palo 
Alto, California; and 1987. The Rise of Urbanization and the Decline of 
Citizenship. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco; and 1990. Remaking 
Society: Pathways to a Green Future. South End Press: Boston. The 
leading voice for social ecology, and an influential American Green thinker.

Ellul, Jacques. 1964. The Technological Society. Random House: New York. 
(Translated from the original 1954 French version). A somewhat 
difficult-to-read classic on the continued incursion of technical 
rationality into all phases of life in industrial civilisation.

Polanyi, Karl. [1944] 1957. The Great Transformation: The Political and 
Economic Origins of Our Time. Beacon Press: Boston. A historical 
perspective on the sweeping changes brought by the reorganisation of 
society around markets.

Von Laue, Theodore. 1987. The World Revolution of Westernisation. Oxford 
University Press: Oxford and New York. Westernisation and attempts at 
countering Westernising influences are the central themes in this 
history of the twentieth century.

RELATED FICTION

Achebe, Chinua. 1959. Things Fall Apart. Fawcett Crest: New York; and 
1960. No Longer at Ease. Astor-Honor: New York. Novels set in the Ibo 
country of Nigeria during the colonial period.

Callenbach, Ernest. 1975. Ecotopia. Banyan Tree Books: Berkeley, 
California; and 1981. Ecotopia Emerging. Banyan Tree Books: Berkeley. 
Fictionalised speculation on ecologically-sound utopia.

Kane, Hamidou. 1963. Ambiguous Adventure. Heinemann: Oxford. An 
autobiographical novel of a West African caught between his traditional 
culture and the soulless materialism of the West.

LeGuin, Ursula. [1985] 1987. Always Coming Home. Bantam: New York and 
London. A novel of ecotopia in a future/past by the well-known science 
fiction writer.

Nichols, John. 1974. The Milagro Beanfield War. Holt Rinehart and 
Winston: New York. Fictionalised account of community resistance to 
development in the American Southwest.

Sembene, O. 1970. God's Bits of Wood. Anchor Books: Garden City, New 
Jersey. Translated by Francis Pierce. Fiction set in West African villages.

RECOMMENDED HIGHLIGHTS

Douthwaite, Richard. 1996. Short Circuit: Strengthening Local Economies 
for Security in an Unstable World. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. Published 
in association with ISEC.

Edwards, David. 1995. Free To Be Human: Intellectual Self-Defence in an 
Age of Illusions. Green Books: Totnes, Devon. (US version 1996. Burning 
All Illusions. South End Press: Boston, Massachusetts.

Goering, Peter, Helena Norberg-Hodge and John Page. 2001. From the 
Ground Up: Rethinking Industrial Agriculture. Zed Books: London. 
Published in association with ISEC.

Goldsmith, Edward. 1996. The Way: An Ecological World-View. Themis 
Books: Totnes, Devon. (New US edition 1999. University of Georgia Press: 
Athens, Georgia.)

Korten, David. 1995. When Corporations Rule the World. Kumarian Press: 
West Hartford, Conn.

Mander, Jerry, and Edward Goldsmith (eds.) 2001. The Case Against the 
Global Economy: and For a Turn Toward the Local. Earthscan: London.

Mies, Maria, and Vandana Shiva. 1993. Ecofeminism. Zed Books: London and 
New Jersey.

Money, Mike (ed.). 1993. Health and Community: Holism in Practice. Green 
Books: Totnes, Devon.

Norberg-Hodge, Helena. 2000. Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh. 
Rider Books: London.

Orr, David. 1994. Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment and the Human 
Prospect. Island Press: Washington, DC and Covelo, California.

Rahnema, Majid (ed.). 1997. The Post-Development Reader. Zed Books: 
London and New Jersey.

Schumacher, E.F. 1973. Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People 
Mattered. Harper and Row: New York, and Blond and Briggs Ltd.: London.

Winner, Langdon. 1986. The Whale and the Reactor. University of Chicago 
Press: Chicago.





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