[OP] Réf. : OPWG Digest, Vol 17, Issue 10

Organic Pineapple Working Group opwg at lists.ibiblio.org
Wed Aug 26 16:21:52 EDT 2009


This discussion of forcing with ethylene and carbide has brought out 
some information that may not be common knowledge such as the earlier 
post on this forum that in Mexico it is common practice to use ice water 
when applying the carbide-water solution (or perhaps it is only an 
acetylene solution) to force plants.  There also was mention of ethylene 
being commonly used on small to medium sized farms but no specifics were 
provided on how this is done.  Alain Soler wrote an article for 
Pineapple News Issue No. 13 on methods for using ethylene on small farms 
but my recollection is that those methods had not yet been used by 
farmers. Perhaps it seems redundant to invite one or more of the 
contributors to this forum and others to write a fairly detailed article 
for Pineapple News on actual practices for forcing pineapple on small to 
medium sized farms under a variety of conditions using carbide, ethylene 
and ethephon.  Garth Sanewski could be a contributor because Queensland 
is one of the locations where special techniques have been developed to 
force 'Smooth Cayenne' pineapple with ethephon under the extreme 
temperature conditions experienced during the Queensland summer.

Related to ethylene, activated carbon or another adsorbent has been used 
for years but Van de Poel, Ceusters and De Proft published a paper in 
Scientia Horticulturae (120 (1) page 58-63) and a note in Pineapple News 
No. 16, p 6, in which they questioned the value of activated carbon in 
forcing with ethylene.  I could find no papers in the pineapple 
literature that explored the benefits of activated carbon and the only 
primary source is an unattributed reference to the addition of 0.5% 
activated charcoal or 1% bentonite in Py, C., Lacoeuilhe, J.J., and 
Teisson, C., 1987. The pineapple.  Cultivation and uses. Editions G.-P. 
Maisonneuve, Paris, pag 393. It has become standard practice and it 
presumably was an industry-developed practice that works but that has 
not been published.  The original Del Monte Pineapple Co. developed an 
ethylator that relied on a/some special technique(s), perhaps an 
equilibration chamber, that reportedly produced superior results that at 
least for quite a number of years had not been duplicated by others.  I 
can see if it is possible to find out more about that approach.  If some 
think it is worth the effort, I hope they will contact me directly at 
duaneb at hawaii.edu.

Duane Bartholomew

Organic Pineapple Working Group wrote:
>  
> About the effectiveness of ethylen compared with carbide for pineapple 
> forcing: Abeless (1973) mentionned that physiological effects of 
> acetylen on plants are similar to those induced by ethylen but needs 
> higher concentrations. Practically if we take into account the 
> recommendations in CI by Cirad for forcing : 500g carbide in 150L 
> (with 50ml /plant) and 800g ethylen / 7000L on 67000plants , we have 
> theoritically 11mg ethylen/plant and about 55mg acetylen/plant for the 
> same result. But ethylen solubility is very low in water (so need to 
> add activated charcoal to retain it in the solution) meanwhile actylen 
> solubility is about 2g/L and increases in cold water. Consequently the 
> amount of ethylen effectively applied is much lower than 11mg 
> mentionned before.  Using dry activated charcoal we managed to have 
> good results with 2 to 3mg of ethylen / plant.  
>  
> As Duane said, both solutions are very effective on sensitive 
> varieties. Nevertheless, in some case sensitivity may drop in all 
> varieties  due to specific climatic conditions and /or amounts of 
> fertilizer applied.
>  
> I confirm the observation that MD2 sensitivity to phytophthora maybe a 
> problem after carbide forcing....
>  
> /-------Message original-------/
>  
> /*De :*/ opwg-request at lists.ibiblio.org 
> <mailto:opwg-request at lists.ibiblio.org>
> /*Date :*/ 25/08/2009 12:57:37
> /*A :*/ opwg at lists.ibiblio.org <mailto:opwg at lists.ibiblio.org>
> /*Sujet :*/ OPWG Digest, Vol 17, Issue 10
>  
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>  
> Today's Topics:
>  
>    1. Re: Flower induction in organic pineapples
>       (Organic Pineapple Working Group)
>  
>  
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
>  
> Message: 1
> Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2009 08:14:11 -0000
> From: Organic Pineapple Working Group  <opwg at lists.ibiblio.org 
> <mailto:opwg at lists.ibiblio.org>>
> Subject: Re: [OP] Flower induction in organic pineapples
> To: "'Organic Pineapple Working Group'" <opwg at lists.ibiblio.org 
> <mailto:opwg at lists.ibiblio.org>>
> Message-ID: <000f01ca255c$08c09c20$1a41d460$@org>
> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
>  
> In Ghana we have done some (small trails) that suggest that ethylene gives
> around 5% better induction than carbide (but both in the 90+% 
> region.  There
> are some agronomists who believe that carbide should be avoided in MD2, as
> the pH of the carbide solution seems to increase phyotphora (of which 
> MD2 is
> very susceptible); however this is from observation only and there are no
> trial results to my knowledge on this.  Most commercial (non-organic) 
> farms
> in Ghana now use ethylene, having switched from carbide. All (four)
> commercial non-smallholder organic certified farms in Ghana use ethylene -
> as they have no choice.
>  
> -----Original Message-----
> From: opwg-bounces at lists.ibiblio.org 
> <mailto:opwg-bounces at lists.ibiblio.org> 
> [mailto:opwg-bounces at lists.ibiblio.org]
> On Behalf Of Organic Pineapple Working Group
> Sent: 24 August 2009 23:38
> To: Organic Pineapple Working Group
> Subject: Re: [OP] Flower induction in organic pineapples
>  
>  
> Most pineapple growers in Mexico prefer Calcium Carbide due to it's
> lower cost, greater availability and effective results on Smooth
> Cayenne when DISOLVED IN ICE WATER AND SPRAYED ON AT NIGHT.
> (That's how it's done).
>  
> Duane Bartholomew posted:
>  
> > Regarding indications that ethylene is more effective than carbide
> > (acetylene), if there is a difference, it probably isn't relevant
> > where growers plant MD-2 or another sensitive (easy to force)
> > cultivar.
>  
> > Carbide is widely used by growers in Ghana and Taiwan and probably
> > elsewhere because it is cheap and easy to use and is very
> > effective.
>  
> And highly explosive.
>  
> > In fact, I don't think the issue of whether acetylene or ethylene
> > is more effective has ever been settled.  I am not aware of any
> > papers where a direct comparison has been made after people
> > learned how to use both materials effectively.
>  
> As whether pineapple forced using calcium carbide can be certified
> as organic:
>  
> As mentioned earlier, permitting either substance would have to be
> allowed as an exception to the general rule, and what is permitted
> by one country's market may vary from the substances and procedures
> permitted or prohibited by another.
>  
> Since certification by an accredited third party agent has become
> the key to selling a product as organic, I strongly suggest that
> anyone planning on selling their pineapple in the organic market
> check with their certifier before using any manufactured product.
>  
> Regarding IFOAM:
>  
> Although IFOAM is considered to be the highest organic authority by
> many, IFOAM regulations are not taken into account by the USDA and I
> suspect, the same is true for the ECM.
>  
> Finally, the availability of a procedure or naturally occurring
> substance or capable of inducing florescence in pineapple could
> cause organic authorities to withdraw their approval for synthetic
> ethylene and calcium carbide, where those exist.
>  
> Douglas Hinds
> OPWG Chair
> <douglas.hinds at gmx.com <mailto:douglas.hinds at gmx.com>>
> <douglas.hinds at gmail.com <mailto:douglas.hinds at gmail.com>>
>  
> Director General
> Center for Community and Rural Development (CeDeCoR, A.C.)
> <cedecor at gmx.net <mailto:cedecor at gmx.net>>, <cedecor at gmail.com 
> <mailto:cedecor at gmail.com>>, <cedecor at inbox.com 
> <mailto:cedecor at inbox.com>>
>  
> Coordinador
> Alianza para la Responsabilidad Ecol?gico y Social en el Desarrollo
> (Alliance for Ecological and Social Responsibility in Development)
> <aresd at gmx.com <mailto:aresd at gmx.com>>
> Mexico
>  
> > ----- Original Message -----
> > From: Organic Pineapple Working Group <opwg at lists.ibiblio.org 
> <mailto:opwg at lists.ibiblio.org>>
> > Date: Monday, August 24, 2009 2:56 am
> > Subject: Re: [OP] Flower induction in organic pineapples
> > To: 'Organic Pineapple Working Group' <opwg at lists.ibiblio.org 
> <mailto:opwg at lists.ibiblio.org>>
> >
> >
> >> Calcium Carbide is not allowed under IFOAM regulations.  Only ethylene
> gas is allowed.  However, there are indications that ethylene is more
> effective than carbide.
> >>
> >> From: opwg-bounces at lists.ibiblio.org 
> <mailto:opwg-bounces at lists.ibiblio.org>
> [mailto:opwg-bounces at lists.ibiblio.org] On Behalf Of Organic Pineapple
> Working Group
> >> Sent: 20 August 2009 03:28
> >> To: Organic Pineapple Working Group
> >> Cc: ilmi at iti.lk <mailto:ilmi at iti.lk>
> >> Subject: [OP] Flower induction in organic pineapples
> >>
> >> I am not sure how acceptable carbide stones are. As far as I know, on
> contact with water, carbide liberates acetylene gas which is an 
> analogue of
> ethylene. Certain unacceptable impurities are also known to be present in
> tcarbide.
> >>
> >> Would like your comments.
> >>
> >> Shanthi
> >>
> >> -------Original Message-------
> >>
> >> From: Organic Pineapple Working Group
> >> Date: 8/19/2009 6:21:29 PM
> >> To: opwg at lists.ibiblio.org <mailto:opwg at lists.ibiblio.org>
> >> Subject: Re: [OP] OPWG Digest, Vol 17, Issue 1
> >>
> >> Currently there is the use of carbide stones. I am not positive on the
> source of this carbide, or the chemistry. It releases ETHYLENE gas upon
> contact with moisture.
> >>
> >> > From: opwg-request at lists.ibiblio.org 
> <mailto:opwg-request at lists.ibiblio.org>
> >> > Subject: OPWG Digest, Vol 17, Issue 1
> >> > To: opwg at lists.ibiblio.org <mailto:opwg at lists.ibiblio.org>
> >> > Date: Tue, 18 Aug 2009 16:57:02 -0400
> >> >
> >> > Send OPWG mailing list submissions to
> >> > opwg at lists.ibiblio.org <mailto:opwg at lists.ibiblio.org>
> >> >
> >> > To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit
> >> > http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/opwg
> >> > or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to
> >> > opwg-request at lists.ibiblio.org 
> <mailto:opwg-request at lists.ibiblio.org>
> >> >
> >> > You can reach the person managing the list at
> >> > opwg-owner at lists.ibiblio.org <mailto:opwg-owner at lists.ibiblio.org>
> >> >
> >> > When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific
> >> > than "Re: Contents of OPWG digest..."
> >> >
> >> >
> >> > Today's Topics:
> >> >
> >> > 1. Re: Pineapple News No. 16 (Organic Pineapple Working Group)
> >> >
> >> >
> >> > 
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
> >> >
> >> > Message: 1
> >> > Date: Fri, 14 Aug 2009 16:16:11 +0530
> >> > From: Organic Pineapple Working Group <opwg at lists.ibiblio.org 
> <mailto:opwg at lists.ibiblio.org>>
> >> > Subject: Re: [OP] Pineapple News No. 16
> >> > To: "Organic Pineapple Working Group" <opwg at lists.ibiblio.org 
> <mailto:opwg at lists.ibiblio.org>>
> >> > Message-ID: <4A854073.000018.05740 at ITI-PC 
> <mailto:4A854073.000018.05740 at ITI-PC>>
> >> > Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
> >> >
> >> > Dear Duane,
> >> >
> >> > I wonder if you would be able to help with information on organically
> >> > acceptable methods for flower induction.
> >> >
> >> > Best regards,
> >> >
> >> > Shanthi
>  
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-- 
Duane P. Bartholomew, Ph.D., Agronomist emeritus
Dept. of Tropical Plant and Soil Science, University of Hawaii at Manoa
1910 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822
Pineapple News on the web at http://www.ishs-horticulture.org/workinggroups/pineapple/.

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