[GMark] [biblical-studies] why attribute wonders to Jesus?
Jeffrey B. Gibson
jgibson000 at comcast.net
Thu Mar 6 17:19:00 EST 2008
Here's one that should be right up Eric Eve's street:
Jeffrey
****
Hi Folks,
I've been working on this topic for a while and am interested in any
kind of feedback folk might have (I should note that this was first
posted on Xtalk, and then Biblicalist).
Ever since the English Deists up through Bousset, Bultmann, and beyond,
it has been suggested that Jesus¹ miracles were first comparable to and
then later explicitly derivative of Graeco-roman and Hellenistic
wonders, and finally mediated through Hellenistic Judaism. But if so,
I¹m wondering to what end?
If early Christianity is to be seen primarily as a philosophy (which
several scholars have argued is how many ancients would have seen it),
how many philosophical movements in the first century required the
working of wonders to establish the credibility of their founder? Given
that the increasing skepticism and naturalism in this period (as per
Lucian and Cicero) often lead to charges of invention and fabrication,
and the near certain potential for accusations of sorcery (as per e.g.
Celsus), why run the risk when wonders it seems were not part of the
standard warrants of attestation? Why not instead simply rely on the
ethical impact of Jesus (such as Origen finally did in defending against
Celsus¹ charges of sorcery and trickery and as 19th century liberals
were wont to emphasize)? In other words, why the need for wonders if
they were in fact so problematic and unnecessary? I realize that
Neo-pythagoreanism was making a comeback (Pythagoras being a
wonder worker) which might indicate a trend associating wonders with
certain kinds of philosophy. But then Pyth.'s wonders are very different
from the kinds of things attributed to Jesus.
If seen as a religion with Jesus as a new deity, which of course begs
the enormous question of why anyone would have thought the teacher Jesus
to be a deity in the first place, then how many of the new religions
from the east felt that they needed to be attested by the wonder working
power of the central figure? Franz Cumont has argued that the Oriental
religions succeeded in the West because they appealed more strongly to
the senses and emotions, spoke directly to the individual, and satisfied
the intellect via their written scriptures. Notice the absence of any
reference to wonders. As far as I am aware neither the Cybele nor the
significantly more successful Isis were known for their manifold wonders
(remember Jesus has an extraordinary 35, give or take, distinct
wonders/miracles attributed to him).
Further, as Koskenniemi has observed reminding us of what older
handbooks noted long before, wonder-workers per se seem to have gone out
of fashion in the Gentile world during the two centuries before and
first century and a half after Jesus, about 350 years in total. (One of
the major defects Bultmann inherited from Bousset was a lack of
discrimination in terms of date and genuine parallels). The one or two
healings associated with Prryhus and Vespasian seem rather scanty
evidence upon which to build a reputation as a wonder worker while in
the East Eunus¹ wonders were confined to oracles and breathing fire from
his mouth. Not until the end of the second century do we find a bevy of
names flourishing, which suggests that the desire for wonders comes a
little too late to have influenced the gospels. Again, I note nascent
Neo-pythagoreanism (per Apollonius) but it's not really until the late
second century that we find explicit wonders being attributed.
Now there is some first century evidence of Jewish magicians (Elymas,
Simon Magus, both in Acts) and probably others (see Flintermann¹s
response to Koskenniemi, though our material evidence from this period
is thin); but were these magicians wonder workers per se, or were they
more oracular in orientation? Even so, this seems hardly to explain the
extraordinary list of deeds attributed to Jesus.
So, historically speaking, in terms of a putative Hellenistic agenda why
bother to attribute mighty deeds to Jesus? Comments, crits, etc.?
Regards
Rikk Watts
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